B3 Enzymes 28/10/22

Lesson objective(s): Key

 I will be able to explain how an enzyme breaks down large words:
insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules. pH
Temperature
 I will be able to explain that under incorrect conditions, the
Kinetic
enzyme becomes denatured and will no longer accept the energy
substrate Denatured
Do Now…
Name the food test required that requires heat
Benedict’s solution
Enzymes: a protein (1) biological catalyst that speed up the rate of a
chemical reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction (1)

Denatured: the enzyme’s shape is changed and the active site no longer is
specific

Substrate: large insoluble molecule

Enzymes – Properties

1) All are proteins

2) Made inactive by high temperature – it becomes denatured
3) Work best at 37oC in the human body
4) Works best at certain pH7. Pepsin works at pH2
5) Act as a catalyst: (i) not changed in a chemical reaction (ii) can
be used again
6) Are specific: (i) Pepsin (protease) for Proteins (ii) Amylase for
starch (iii) Lipase for Fats
Substrate: Starch Enzyme: Amylase

1) The enzyme are specific to a substrate

2) The active site of the enzyme is a complementary shape to the
substrate
3) This is known as the ‘lock & key’ method.
4) The enzyme & substrate connect via the active site becomes an
enzyme-substrate complex
5) After the reaction, the products leave the enzyme’s active site as
it no longer fits.
 Enzymes

The substance at the beginning of the reaction is called the substrate.

The substance made by the reaction is called the product.

enzyme
substrate amylase product
starch → maltose Product
Enzyme
Amylase Substrate Maltose
Starch

Active site
 Temperature effect on an enzyme

- The enzyme works best at its optimum temperature 37oC.

- If you go above 37oC, then the enzyme becomes denatured.
- Denatured: the enzyme’s shape is changed and the active site no longer
is specific.
- The enzyme can no longer catalyse the reaction.
Successful Reaction at optimum temperature OR pH

Denatured Enzyme
 Enzyme effect on Kinetic Energy

Increasing the temperature from 0⁰C to the optimum 37oC increases the
activity of enzymes
- as the more energy the Enzymes have
- the faster they move and the number of successful collisions with the
substrate molecules increases
- leading to a faster rate of reaction

• This means that low temperatures do not denature enzymes, they just
make them work more slowly
 pH effect on Enzymes

- The optimum for most enzymes is pH 7 (Amylase)

- Acidic conditions, such as the stomach, have a pH 2 (Pepsin)

• If the pH is too high or too low, the bonds that hold the amino acid chain
together to make up the protein can be destroyed
• It is Denatured: the enzyme’s shape is changed and the active site no
longer is specific.
• Moving too far away from the optimum pH will cause the enzyme to
denature and activity will stop