Library

Management of Academic Information

Havard Citation Style
 Presentation Overview

Learning Objectives
 Understand the Harvard citation style

Learning outcomes
Cite appropriately using Harvard citations style
 Structure of the unit

Havard citation format

In- text citation
Reference list
Activity
 Havard elements

It consists of two elements:

in-text citations in the body of the paper
In-text citations remain quite constant across source types
 a reference list at the end of the paper giving full bibliographic
details for the in-text citations.
 In-text citation

In-text citations usually require the last name of the author(s) and the year of
publication.
 In-text citation has two aspects: Parenthetical and Narrative

Parenthetical in-text citation Narrative text citation

• Both author and date in parenthesis • Author goes in the narrative

• Use a comma before the year • date follows in the parenthesis

example: (Chirisa, 2021) example: Chirisa (2021)

In-text citation - using quotations

Do not use quotations as stand alone sentences

 Include the page were you found the quote
Parenthetical in-text citation Narrative text citation

example: “Tick movement is facilitated by example: Barre and Uilenberg (2010)

the movement of host animals from one pointed out that tick migration is aided by
area to another” (Barre and Uilenberg, host animal moving from one place to
2010, p.30) another.
 Number of authors determines in-text citation

Author Type Parenthetical citation Narrative citation

1 author (Wekwete, 2020) Wekwete (2020)

2 or three authors (Moyo and Mhloyi, 2017) Moyo and Mhloyi (2017)
(Moyo, Mayor and Major, 2017) Moyo, Mayor and Major (2017)

4 or more authors (Lèger et al., 2013) Lèger et al., (2013)

Organisations (Council of Social Workers [ CSW], Council of Social Workers [ CSW],

first citation: 2021) (2021)
second and there after.. (CSW,2021) CSW (2021)
 No authors

•If possible, use the organisation responsible for the post in place of
the author. If not, use the title in italics:
•(A guide to citation, 2017)
 Multiple Works From the Same Author in the Same Year:

•If referencing multiple works from one author

released in the same year, the works are
allocated a letter (a, b, c etc) after the year.
•(Mitchell, 2017a, p. 189) or Mitchell (2017b, p.
189)
 Citing Multiple Works in One Parentheses:

•List the in-text citations in the normal way but

with semicolons between different references:
•(Björk and Rienecker, 2003; The Herald, 2016;
Bailey, 2018; University of Oxford, 2021)
 Referencing

A reference list records only the sources you have used in

your writing or academic work.
All the sources you have used in your work must appear in
the reference list.
The purpose of the reference list is to allow your sources to
be be found by your reader.
It also gives credit to authors you have consulted for their
ideas.
 Elements of a reference list entry
The four elements of a reference list entry are derived from the
purpose of the entry.
Purpose Elements Element example
Who author Mizha, S
When date 2019
What title Professional caregivers: Stress
and coping in the face of loss
and trauma

Where source Indo-Pacific Journal of

Phenomenology, 19(2), 81-90.
Doi: 10.1080/
20797222.2019.1692989
 Book Referencing (print book)
Mitchell, J.A. and Thomson, M. (2017) A guide to
citation.3rd edn. London: London Publishings.
 Example of an e-journal citation
Bailey, M. (2018) ‘Feminist MediasStudies on misogynoir: citation,
erasure, and plagiarism’, Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), pp. 762–
768. doi: 10.1080/14680777.2018.1447395.
.
 Website citation format
Website name, copyright date/ date article uploaded, Page/article
title, URL, date accessed
Example:
University of Oxford (2021) Plagiarism. Available at:
https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagi
arism (Accessed: 26 October 2021).
 Newspaper citation format
The Herald (2016) ‘Plagiarism: The crime of copy cats’, The Herald, 15
April. Available at: https://www.herald.co.zw/plagiarism-the-crime-of-
copy-cats/ (Accessed: 26 October 2021).
 Basic rules to follow when creating a reference
list
Begin your reference list on a new page
The word References should be centered and bold at the top of the
page
Double-space your reference list
For each author, list the last name first followed by the initials for
their first and middle names
Arrange your reference list alphabetically by the last name of the
author
Reference management software and
referencing
While it is possible to cite and develop a reference list manually,
reference management Software offers students many advantages that
make the process of citing and referencing much easier.

The following unit will look at how to use a reference manager to

cite your work.