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 Critiquing a literary selection based on
Formalist / Structuralist and Moralist Approach
Objectives: 1. Identify structuralist/formalist and moralist
approaches as ways in critiquing a literary
selection

2. Critique a literary selection using the struc-

turalist/formalist and moralist approaches

3. Elaborate or explain the need to critique a

literary selection or literary piece and the im-
portance of the different approaches to litera-
ture
What is a critique and
literary criticism?
Critique To critically evaluate a piece of literary
work, or a political or philosophical
theory in detail

It could be a critical essay, an article

evaluating a literary piece, or a review
Its purpose is to highlight both the short-
comings as well as strengths of a literary
piece or a work of art
Criticism An assessment of creative work, a
considered judgment of or discussion
about the qualities of something,
especially a creative work

Criticism can also imply the positive

qualities of a certain thing, person, or
literary work that a critic may see to
fully understand it
Literary Criticism
It is the comparison, analysis, description, interpreta-
tion, and/or evaluation of works of literature

It is a way of looking literature in different perspec-

tives. Things look very different if you look at them in
dif-
ferent perspectives.
It is essentially an opinion, supported
by evidence, relating to theme, style,
setting or historical or political context
Structuralist / Formalist
Approach
 Structuralist / Formalist Approach

- Formalist criticism is about form over content. Form is the

key, not the content, as it doesn’t consider other things such
as the purpose of the analysis, content, or even cultural
notions
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown,
Clean favored, and imperially slim.

And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet
4 lines = quatrain And he was always quietly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1
4 lines = quatrain And he was always quietly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2
4 lines = quatrain And he was always quietly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3
4 lines = quatrain And he was always quietly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4
4 lines = quatrain And he was always quietly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5
4 lines = quatrain And he was always quietly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-etly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed. The line has 10 syllables.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

1 line
2
Quatrain We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 3
2 lines = couplet Clean favored, and imperially slim. 4
3 lines = tercet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 lines = quatrain And he was always qui-et-ly arrayed.
5 lines = cinquain
And he was always human when he talked:
6 lines = sestet
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown,
Clean favored, and imperially slim.

And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown,
Clean favored, and imperially slim.

And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown,
Clean favored, and imperially slim.

And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown,
Clean favored, and imperially slim.

Alliteration And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown,
Clean favored, and imperially slim.

Alliteration And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown,
Clean favored, and imperially slim.

Alliteration And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim.

Alliteration And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim.

Alliteration And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim.

Alliteration And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King – E

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything E
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King – E

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything E
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King – E

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything E
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King – E

And admirably schooled in every grace F
In fine, we thought that he was everything E
To make us wish that we were in his place. F

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King – E

And admirably schooled in every grace F
In fine, we thought that he was everything E
To make us wish that we were in his place. F

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King – E

And admirably schooled in every grace F
In fine, we thought that he was everything E
To make us wish that we were in his place. F

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King – E

And admirably schooled in every grace F
In fine, we thought that he was everything E
To make us wish that we were in his place. F

Soon we worked, and waited for the light, G

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night, G
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King – E

And admirably schooled in every grace F
In fine, we thought that he was everything E
To make us wish that we were in his place. F

Soon we worked, and waited for the light, G

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night, G
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King – E

And admirably schooled in every grace F
In fine, we thought that he was everything E
To make us wish that we were in his place. F

Soon we worked, and waited for the light, G

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night, G
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King – E

And admirably schooled in every grace F
In fine, we thought that he was everything E
To make us wish that we were in his place. F

Soon we worked, and waited for the light, G

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread; H
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night, G
Went home and put a bullet through his head. H
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King – E

And admirably schooled in every grace F
In fine, we thought that he was everything E
To make us wish that we were in his place. F

Soon we worked, and waited for the light, G

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread; H
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night, G
Went home and put a bullet through his head. H
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King – E

And admirably schooled in every grace F
In fine, we thought that he was everything E
To make us wish that we were in his place. F

Soon we worked, and waited for the light, G

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread; H
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night, G
Went home and put a bullet through his head. H
 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson
A
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown
We people on the pavement looked at him: B Rhyme scheme: ABAB
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, A
Clean favored, and imperially slim. B

Alliteration Repetition And he was always quietly arrayed. C

And he was always human when he talked: D
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, C
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked. D

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King – E

And admirably schooled in every grace F
In fine, we thought that he was everything E
To make us wish that we were in his place. F
Alliteration
Soon we worked, and waited for the light, G
And went without the meat, and cursed the bread; H
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night, G
Went home and put a bullet through his head. H
 Structuralist / Formalist Approach
- When a poem is analyzed in terms of formalism or formalist approach,
we criticize it through its rhyme/rhyming pattern, meter, number of stan-
zas, number of lines in each stanza, rhythm, tone, mood, among others.
In other words, determine the form, structure, and devices used in the
text.

- In prose, when we criticize or evaluate literary texts (for example, a short

story) it is important that you are familiar with the intrinsic literary features
or the basic elements of the story as the characters, setting, tone,
points of view, diction, symbolisms, and other elements of the text (inclu
ding the elements of plot). In formalism we have to identify how these el-
ements contribute in the progress and message of the whole story itself.
 The Necklace
by Guy De Maupassant
Mathilde is born to a low-class family; with no money for a dowry, she is mar-
ried to Monsieur Loisel, a clerk from the Board of Education. Mathilde – now Madame –
had always felt like she should have been upper class and is unhappy in her married life:
she hates their home, their food, and her lack of fine clothing and jewelry. One evening,
her husband excitedly presents her with an invitation to attend an event at the Minister
of Public Instruction’s home. To the surprise of M. Loisel, Mdme. Loisel throws the invita-
tion down in dismay, weeping and complaining that she has nothing to wear to such an
event. Her husband offers to give her money for something suitable, but as the day of
the ball approaches, she is still dismayed. When asked why, she replies that she is em-
barrassed to attend the ball without any jewels. Her husband suggests that she ask to
borrow some jewels from her rich friend, Madame Forestier. She agrees and goes to
see her friend the next day, greedily choosing one of Madame Forestier’s finest neck-
laces.
 The Necklace
by Guy De Maupassant

At the ball, Madame Loisel is a hit: elegant, joyful, and desired for
waltzes. She and M. Loisel return home at nearly 4 o’clock in the morning,
and only when they arrive home does Mme. Loisel realize she lost the necklace.
After a week with no news, M. Loisel proclaims that they must replace it, and
the couple finds a replacement for 36,000 francs. Loisel has 18,000 francs from
his father’s will and borrows the remaining sum, bit-by-bit and making “ru-
inous promises” along the way. After all this, Madame Loisel is able to return
the
newly bought necklace in the original case, apparently rousing no suspicion.
 The Necklace
by Guy De Maupassant

To pay off the debt, both Monsieur and Madame Loisel must work tirelessly.
After ten years, they are finally able to pay off all of their debts. One day, while
taking a walk, Madame Loisel runs into madame Forestier. She approaches her
old friend, but Mme. Forestier almost doesn’t recognize her. In sudden emo-
tion, Madame Loisel reveals her entire story of losing the necklace, replacing it,
and working off the cost of the replacement ever since. In response, Madame
Forestier replies that the original necklace contained not actual diamonds but
rather fake diamonds, meaning the original necklace cost no more than
500 francs.
Characters:
Madame Loisel, the wife
 Monsieur Loisel, the husband who is the clerk of the
Ministry of Public Instruction
 Madame Forestier, the friend who lent Mathilde a
diamond necklace
Setting:
a) Place --- in Paris
b) Social conditions --- Mathilde Loisel and her husband were poor
c) Mood --- Mathilde is not contented of her poor life. When she loses the bor-
rowed necklace, she and her husband become anxious. Then they buy a new
one to replace it, and they live a stressful life in order to pay their debts incur-
red to buy such necklace
Plot:
A) Introduction
Mathilde, the main woman character in this short story, is being described as unhappy
because of her and her husband’s being poor

B) Rising action
The complication starts when she and her husband are invited to a rich people’s ball. She
buys a new gown, and to go with it, she borrows an elegant diamond necklace from her
friend, Madame Forestier.

C) Climax
The peak of this short story is when Mathilde
discovers that she lost the diamond necklace
Plot:
D) Falling Action
To replace the lost diamond necklace, Mathilde buys another one exactly the
same.
E) Denouement (the final outcome of the main dramatic complication in a literary work)
The problem resolves itself, though in a negative manner, when Mathilde and
Madame Forestier meet again after ten years, and the latter tells the former that
the necklace she borrowed was fake.
Conflict:

The conflict of the story is Man vs. Himself and Man vs

Society --- Mathilde has been struggling as a poor woman
because her desire to “fit in” the society.
Point of View:

The author tells the story in third person (using pronouns they,
she, he, it, etc.). We know only what the character knows
and what the author allows him/her to tell us. We can see the
thoughts and feelings of characters if the author chooses to
reveal them to us.
Literary Devices:

The story uses Symbolism and Irony. The borrowed necklace

symbolizes being wealthy, which made Mathilde has been
longing to be. She feels superior while wearing it. For irony,
such borrowed necklace looks sophisticated, but is actually
fake.
Theme:

“Things are not always as they appear to be” and “Be con-
tented on what you have” are applicable to this story.
We ought to be grateful for what we have rather than con-
stantly wishing for more.
Moralist Approach
 Moralist Approach

- Moralist approach is viewed to discuss man and its nature. It presents man as
essentially rational; that is, endowed with intellect and freewill; or that the piece
does not misinterpret the true nature of man. This approach is close to “moral-
ity” of literature, to questions of ethical goodness or badness. It analyzes the
values/lessons and ethics present in the text, examines the effect of the text to
the readers as moral beings, determine whether the text helps the readers im-
prove their lives and their understanding of the world.
 Moralist Approach
Ask these questions:
 Is the character good or bad?
 Is the action taken by the character good or bad?
 Is the event in the story good or evil?
 What standards of morality are your judgments based on?
 What are the behavior/s that the characters display which the author wants us to
think are right?
 What behavior is “wrong”? What religious or ethical beliefs does the text deal with
directly? Are there any religions or philosophies mentioned specifically in the text?

 What religious or ethical beliefs or philosophies does the author seem to favor?
 Moralist Approach
Look for:

 Moral (good)
 Immoral (bad)

 Amoral (neutral)
Having or showing no concern about whether behavior is morally right or wrong
Being neither moral or immoral
 Moralist Approach
More Issues:

 What moral issues are raised in the story?

 How do they relate to / reflect on moral issues facing

our society?

 What standards of morality are presented in the story?

 Richard Cory
by Edwin Arlington Robinson

Whenever Richard Cory went downtown

We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown,
Clean favored, and imperially slim.

And he was always quietly arrayed.

And he was always human when he talked:
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
“Good morning” and he glittered when he walked.

And he was rich --- yes, richer than a King –

And admirably schooled in every grace
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.

Soon we worked, and waited for the light,

And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
Is the main character good or bad?

It is not good to dream. However, Mathilde is always day-

dreaming about wealth, social status, and luxury. What
makes her bad is she dreams too much that makes her not
contented with her life.
What moral issues are raised in the story?

We think that the good things in life are high social status,
expensive things, and giving fake impressions to other
people about ourselves. These wrong perceptions make us
so vain just like what happened in the story. Like Mathilde,
we also like to be the “star” to everyone’s eyes. We like to
appear too good in everyone’s eyes.
What values / lessons and ethics are present in the story?

Being satisfied and grateful for the things you have rather
than striving for the things that may appear better but often
are not.

“Its better to tell the truth.” Had Mathilde told the truth to
Mdme. Forestier, she would have not suffered for ten years.
What is the effect of the given literary text to you as a reader and as a moral
being? Does it help you improve your life and understand the world?
At first, I was angry at Mathilde for having so much illusions about luxurious things and life. She is neither
rich nor poor but does not appreciate what she has. Though it is evident that she is not contended and al-
ways complain to her husband, her husband still does everything for her. I am angry at her that she can’t
see that at first. Unlike Mathilde, we should give value to little things that people around us do and give to us.
It is not al ways the case with Mathilde that there would be someone to help us and be with us during hard
and mise rable times. Mathilde is still fortunate to have a husband like Monsieur Loisel that would still
choose to be with her knowing that she is the reason for their misery.
The story helped me understand the value of contentment and ap-
preciation. It also made me realize that we are not like Cinderella
and other princesses who would wait for our prince charming to
take us to the castle and live happily ever after. If we want our lives
to be better, and we know that we can still do better than what we
have and who we are now, work for it! It doesn’t matter if you are a
woman, we are capable of doing things, man or woman. Don’t just
dream like Mathilde. Don’t be too pretentious like Mathilde. Do what
you can! Be
who you are!
Now, it’s your turn!
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / compare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / summer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s day?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day ?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / perate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / dar / ling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / dar / ling / buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / dar / ling / buds / of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / dar / ling / buds / of / May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / dar / ling / buds / of / May/,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / dar / ling / buds / of / May/,
And / summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / dar / ling / buds / of / May/,
And / sum / mer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / dar / ling / buds / of / May/,
And / sum / mer’s / lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / dar / ling / buds / of / May/,
And / sum / mer’s / lease / hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / dar / ling / buds / of / May/,
And / sum / mer’s / lease / hath / all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / dar / ling / buds / of / May/,
And / sum / mer’s / lease / hath / all / too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / dar / ling / buds / of / May/,
And / sum / mer’s / lease / hath / all / too / short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / dar / ling / buds / of / May/,
And / sum / mer’s / lease / hath / all / too / short / a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / dar / ling / buds / of / May/,
And / sum / mer’s / lease / hath / all / too / short / a / date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
by William Shakespeare

Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day /?

Though / art / more / love / ly / and / more / tem / pe / rate /:
Rough / winds / do / shake / the / dar / ling / buds / of / May/,
And / sum / mer’s / lease / hath / all / too / short / a / date/:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or natures changing course untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time though grow’st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
 4. PROCEDURES
Whole-class work

A set of activities and tech- Small-group and pair work

niques which you have consid-
ered appropriate proportions of
time for Teacher talk

Student talk
An opening statement or
activity as a warm-up/ mo-
tivation
Thank you