Research Methods

in
Filipino Psychology

Presented by:

Daniel John D. Arboleda, PhD, RPm

The Cultural Divide
Research Approaches
• Experimental
• Adherence to predetermined set of procedures
• Survey
• conform to an informal agreement with respondents
• Participatory
• negotiate issues jointly as they arise
• Indigenous
• seek to enhance awareness as one-with-the-other
Indigenous Research
• Cross-Indigenous Psychology fuses the modern
and the traditional i.e. using scientific methods
and ensuring that they are culturally appropriate.

• Sikolohiyang Pilipino utilizes and borrows

concepts from both the modern and traditional
cultural systems.
 Approaches in the Development &
Utilization of Indigenous Viewpoints
• Indigenization from within
basis: the indigenous
direction: outwards
culture-as-source

• Indigenization from without

basis: the exogenous
direction: inwards
culture-as-target
Using the Culture as Source

• Indigenization from within

• necessarily implies the need for cultural revalidation
• a demand for concepts and methods which are
culturally appropriate, scientifically valid
Research Models

• Models of data collection

Self-orientation
Experimenter-orientation
Reactive-orientation
Mutual-orientation
Santiago-Enriquez Research Model

Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model

• Scale of the Researcher
(Iskala ng Mananaliksik)

These are methods used by the researcher in

generating data that are tried and tested and are
culturally sensitive and appropriate in doing
research with Filipinos.
• There are eight levels of interaction which range
from the relatively uninvolved civility of
pakikitungo to the total sense of identification in
pakikiisa.
• These eight levels of interaction can be divided
into two categories: the ibang-tao (outsider) and
the hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us).
• Levels of Relationship
Ibang-tao category (outsider)
pakikitungo (amenities, civility)
pakikisalimuha (interaction)
pakikilahok (participation, joining)
pakikibagay (conforming)
pakikisama (adjusting, being along with)
• Levels of Relationship
Hindi ibang-tao category (one-of-us)
pakikipagpalagayang-loob(mutual trust)
pakikisangkot (active involvement)
pakikiisa (full trust)
Filipino Indigenous Methods

Collective indigenous method

• partakes of the characteristics of:
a community dialogue
focused group discussion
natural cluster interview
group attestation
• puts premium on:
cultural appropriateness
an ordinary get-together
1. Pakapa-kapa

• an approach characterized by groping, searching,

probing into an unsystematized mass of social and
cultural data to be able to obtain order, meaning,
and directions for research.
• unobtrusive techniques because the actual
procedures for collecting information may range
from observation, documentation, intervention,
participation.
2. Panunuluyan Approach

• interaction techniques, levels of relationship

mula paninimbang hanggang malalimang
pakikipagpalagayang-loob.
 Type of Panunuluyan Approach

• Panunuluyan: ang kontekstong pisikal at

teknolohikal.

• Pakikipagkapwa: ang batayang panlipunan ng

pakikipanuluyan.
• Makataong pakikipag-ugnayan: pagdalaw,
paninirahan, pananahanan, pakikisuno.

• Pakikibagay: pakikitulog at pakikikain.

• Pakikiramdam at paninimbang: paraan at

batayan ng pakikipagpalagayang-loob.
• Pakikiramdam, paggamit ng damdamin, mata
at pandinig upang maintindihan o mabasa ang
ibig ipahiwatig ng kausap na ipinahahayag sa
pamamagitan ng kilos, parinig at matalinhagang
salita (talas ng pakiramdam).
• Paninimbang: damdamin at isipan (sentido
komon) ang pinaiiral dito at anuman ang
namasid, nadama, o napakiramdaman ay
aangkupan ng tugong-kilos, subalit iniisip ang
kahalagahan at kabutihang maidudulot ng
katugunang ito (pagtutumbas).
• Pamamaraan
panimulang pagsasanay
paglalakbay at pakikisuno
paghimpil sa pook
pagtingin-tingin sa maaaring panuluyan
paghanap ng tulay
pagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyan
• Pagsasakatuparan
pagbati at pagpapakilala
pag-aayos ng mga dala-dalahan
pakikipagpalagayan
pagtulong-tulong
pagpalit-palitang paggamit ng mga metodo
paggawa ng pananaliksik
pamamaalam at pasasalamat
• Suliraning etikal
pagsasabi ng layunin ng pananaliksik
pagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibigan
pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng pananaliksik
paghingi ng pahintulot
pagtanaw ng utang na loob/pamemerwisyo
pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian
3. Pagtatanong-tanong Method

• Pagtatanong-tanong, Filipino word for “asking

questions,” the repetition of ‘tanong’ to ‘tanong-
tanong’ indicates seriousness of purpose, one is
truly determined to get answers to ones
questions.
Major Characteristics
• Participatory in nature
• Equality of status
• Appropriate and adaptive
• Integrated with other indigenous methods
• Preparation: pagtatanong-tanong is part of
everyday casual interaction, researcher must
plan very well for certain conditions, consider
convenience and comfort of informants, their
language, norms, values, and background
(history, within/between group differences,
activities, policies).
 Procedure of Pagtatanong-tanong

Get to know the people, place, lifestyle

Greet informants, give credentials (name the go-
between)
Go tell them the purpose of the study
Give an estimate of the expected length of the
session
Guide questions are used when necessary
Goodbye and thank you is not abrupt
 Principles of Pagtatanong-tanong

The level of the relationship that exists between

the researcher and the informant significantly
influences the quality of data obtained (Santiago-
Enriquez Model).

The language of the respondent is used in the

conduct of pagtatanong-tanong.
The use of pakikiramdam as ‘feeling for another’
(cultural sensitivity), through this the researcher
knows when to ask or avoid questions, interprets
a ‘yes’ for a ‘no’.

The equality of status is maintained, as it is a

dialogue (informant is a kausap or person spoken
with) not an interview.
The issue of reliability: consistency of response
can be checked by repeating the question in a
different way.

The problem of investigator bias and data

contamination can be solved by having more than
one person do the pagtatanong-tanong.
4. Pakikipagkwentuhan Method

• Kuwentuhan is an occasion for exchange of

information, ideas, insights, and opinions also it
is a sharing of beliefs, thoughts, and experiences.

• Oral (pasalita)
• Written (pasulat)
• Transmitted (pasalin-salin) through time
• Request (paki – paghingi ng pahintulot)
Pakikipagkwentuhan is an informal, free, as well
as a social process of exchanging information,
thoughts, and knowledge that is part of human
daily activities.
 Procedure of Pakikipagkwentuhan

• initially make visits (padalaw-dalaw) before

living-in the community (panunuluyan)
• introduce yourself to the community
• invite yourself to community gatherings
• initiate a conversation when in a natural
cluster
• invest time in story sharing sessions
 Principles of Pakikipagkwentuhan

• may pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan

• may ‘paki’ ang kalahok sa kwento
• may pakinabang sa kwentuhan
• libangan
• linangan ng kaalaman
• lunas sa karamdaman
 Principles of Pakikipagkwentuhan

• collective orientation
(pananaliksik na sama-sama)
• contains the process of validation
(pagpapatotoo)
• construction of social reality (pagbubuo)
• cluster as unit of analysis
(pagsali sa likas na umpukan)
 Principles of Pakikipagkwentuhan

• with a topic to talk about but without a

theme (may pakay pero walang paksa)

• worth or value of story produced from the

kwentuhan session (kwenta ng kwento)
• Validity: trustworthiness not truth
(mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa makatotohanan)

• Reliability: certification not consistency

(process of pakikipagkwentuhan-indicator)
(pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay)
• Ginabayang Talakayan Method

collective discussion technique

‘sama-sama’ orientation
References
Erlinda Nicdao-Henson (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino:
Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989).
UP Press: QC.
Josefina B. San Juan & Resurrecion Soriaga (1985) in
Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen
Aganon & Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.) (1985) National
Bookstore Inc.: Manila.
Rita Mataragnon (1982) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu,
pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon and Ma. Assumpta
David (Ed.) (1985). National Bookstore Inc.: Manila
Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (1989). International Journal of
Intercultural Relations, Vol. 13, pp 147-163. Pergamon
Press: USA
Research Format

• Background of the Study (300words)

• Maximum four paragraphs
• 1st = what is it all about, present and define your topic
• 2nd = present status in the Philippines
• 3rd = gap of the study
• 4th = objectives of the study

• Methodology
- Participants
- Location
- How did you conduct the interview
- Data Analysis
- Transcription
- Ethical Consideration
• Results
• Themes
• Verbatim Responses of the Participants
• Translate in English

• Discussion
• Analyze your results through Related Literature and Studies

• Conclusion
• What can you derive from the results