Load

modelling
What is Load
models?
• Load modeling refers to the
mathematical representation of
the relationship between the
power and voltage in a load bus.
• Load modeling is a process of estimating a
power consumption of a typical
infrastructure, it can be of commercial,
agricultural, industrial or residential
infrastructure.
LOAD modeling is essential to power system
analysis, planning, and control. Studies have shown
the importance of accurate load representations in
voltage stability assessment. Although the need for
accurate load models is recognized by power system
researchers and engineers, more research is
imperative to update existing load models and
understand characteristics of modern loads with
emerging smart grid technologies such as distributed
generators , electric vehicles, and demand side
management. The uncertainty and difficulty of load
modeling comes from the large number of diverse
load components, time-varying and weather-
dependent compositions, and the lack of
measurements and detailed load information. The
goal of load modeling is to develop simple
mathematical models to approximate load behaviors.
 Basic Load Modelling Concepts

The aggregated load is usually represented at a transmission substation includes, in

addition, the effects of step down transformers, subtransmission and distribution
feeders, voltage regulators, and VAr compensation.
Load models can
be classified into
two main
categories: static
and dynamic
models.
Static Load Models
Static load models express the active and
reactive powers at any instant of time as
functions of the bus voltage magnitude and
frequency at the same instant. These models
are used both for essentially static load
components, resistive and lighting load, and
as an approximation for dynamic load
components, and motor driven loads.
Polynomial and exponential representations
are the two forms that can be used to
perform static load models.
Subtopics of static
load models are:
Polynomial Representation

Exponential Representation

Induction motor
 Polynomial Representation
The power relationship to voltage magnitude is represented as a polynomial
equation in the form below.

where Vo, Po and Qo are the initial values of voltage, power and reactive
power, respectively (the initial system operating condition for study), when
representing a bus load. If this model is used for representing a specific load
device, Vo should be the rated voltage of the device and Po and Qo should
be the power consumed at rated voltage.
 Polynomial Representation
The model in this case is composed of sum of three terms; each term
represents a model as constant impedance, Z, model, where the load power
varies directly with the square of the voltage magnitude. It may be also
called a constant admittance model, constant current, I, model, where the
load power varies directly with the voltage magnitude. It has been accepted
that, in the absence of data, composite load can be approximated using a
constant current load model and constant power, P, model, where the load
power does not vary with changes in the voltage magnitude. It may be also
called a constant MVA model.
Exponential Representation
The power relationship to voltage magnitude is represented as an
exponential equation in the form below:

The parameters of this model are the exponents np and nq. By setting
these exponents to 0, 1 or 2, the load can be represented by constant
power, constant current or constant impedance models, respectively. Other
exponents can be used to represent the aggregate effect of different types
of load components where exponents greater than 2 or less than 0 may be
appropriate for some types of loads.
 Induction motor
The equivalent circuit of an induction machine in steady state can be in one
of the two forms shown in Figure 4.11(a, b). The only difference between
the two circuits is that the rotor power is represented by its two
components, resistance loss and shaft power, in Figure 4.11(b). All
quantities in the equivalent circuit are referred to the stator side. In motor
operation the slip is positive and the directions of currents shown are
positive.