WELCOME BACK TO THE VIRTUAL CLASSES

Date
I O N 23-Aug-2022
S
SES -23
2022
Day
Tuesday

Class
X

Subject
Biology

Topic
Control and
Coordination
TISSUES
INTRODUCTION TO TISSUES
A group of cells that are similar in structure and work
together to achieve a particular function forms a
“Tissue”.
Study of tissues is called as “Histology”.
The term tissue was coined by “Marie Francois
Xavier Bichat”.
Marie Francois Xavier Bichat was known as “Father
of Histology”.
IMPORTANCE OF TISSUES
Formation of tissues has resulted in division of labour in
multicellular organisms.
Tissues become organised to form organs and organs
further get organised into organ systems.
Origin of tissues has reduced the work load of individual
cells.
Due to improved organisation and higher efficiency of
tissues, multicellular organisms have higher survival.
TYPES OF TISSUES
 PLANT TISSUES
 ANIMAL TISSUES
 There are noticeable differences between plant and animal
tissues.
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
 “Meristematic tissues” are formed of young compactly
arranged undifferentiated living cells that keep dividing
and add new cells throughout the life of a plant.
 MT is responsible for growth and development in plants.
 These are present in growing regions of plant such as tips
of roots, shoots and plants.
CHARACTERISTICS
These cells are small, undifferentiated and thin walled.
Compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
Cells may be spherical, oval, polygonal or rectangular
with thin cell wall made of cellulose.
Cytoplasm is dense, vacuoles are small or absent.
Nucleus is prominent and centrally located.
These cells divide repeatedly throughout the life of a plant
adding to its size.
TYPES OF MERISTEMATIC
TISSUE
 Based on their location in the
plant body MT is of three types
 Apical meristem
 Intercalary meristem
 Lateral meristem
 Apical: Found at growing tip of stem, roots and young
leaves. It is responsible for growth and elongation of roots
and stems. Hence it increases the length of the plant.

 Intercalary: Located at the base of leaves and twigs and at

the base of internodes.

 Lateral: It helps in increasing the diameter and girth of the

plants.
PERMANENT TISSUES
Permanent tissues are formed of cells that have lost their
capacity to divide.
These derive from meristematic tissues which have
definite permanent shapes and are specialized to carry out
different functions.
CHARACTERISTICS
 The cells of permanent tissues are differentiated and have
definite shape related to the function to perform.
 The cells may have thin or thick walled.
 The intercellular spaces between the cells may or may not
be present.
 The cells may be living or dead. The nucleus is absent in
dead cells and small in living cells.
 The vacuole may be present or absent.
 Cells of permanent tissues do not divide.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MERISTEMATIC
AND PERMANENT TISSUE
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
Simple permanent tissues are made up of only one type of
structurally and functionally similar cells.
These tissues are supportive and protective in function.
The supporting tissues are
 Parenchyma
 Collenchyma
 Sclerenchyma
The protective tissues are
 Epidermis
 Cork
SUPPORTING TISSUES
PARENCHYMA:
Parenchyma is a living tissue formed of thin walled,
rounded, oval or polygonal cells.
Parenchyma is found in soft parts of almost all the organs
of cells.
The cytoplasm is dense with large nucleus and more than
one small vacuoles.
TYPES OF PARENCHYMA
CHLORENCHYMA:
Parenchyma cells with chloroplasts form chlorenchyma.
AERENCHYMA:
In aquatic plants large air cavities are present between the
parenchyma cells. Such parenchyma is called aerenchyma.
It helps aquatic plants in floating.
STORAGE TISSUE:
The parenchyma which stores waste materials in the form
of gums, resins, tannins etc is called storage tissue.
FUNCTIONS OF PARENCHYMA
Parenchyma forms the ground tissue or package tissue in
plants.
In storage organs parenchyma cells stores food.
Chlorenchyma carry out photosynthesis and synthesize
food.
Aerenchyma provides buoyancy and helps aquatic plants
in floating.
COLLENCHYMA
 The cells of collenchyma are living, elongated and appear,
polygonal, oval or circular.
 Collenchyma cells are bounded by thick cell wall. The cell
wall is thickened along the corners due to deposition of
cellulose and pectin (pectocellulose).
 The cytoplasm has a large central vacuole.
 The intercellular spaces are either absent or much reduced
due to thickened corners.
 Collenchyma is found in stem, leaf stalk (petiole) and leaf
midribs.
FUNCTIONS OF COLLENCHYMA
 It provides mechanical support to the delicate developing
organs.
 Collenchyma cells with chloroplast carry out
photosynthesis.
SCLERENCHYMA
Sclerenchyma is hard supporting tissue formed of long
narrow fibre like cells with pointed ends.
These cells are dead with thick lignified walls.
Sclerenchyma occurs in stem, leaves, roots and petiole,
associated with vascular tissues.
Sclerenchyma cells are dead without nucleus and
cytoplasm.
Sclerenchyma cells occur in two forms- fibres and
sclereids.
FUNCTIONS OF SCLERENCHYMA
Sclerenchyma fibres provide strength and mechanical
support to the plant.
The fibres are used in making of ropes, mats and gunny
bags.
Sclereids are found in hard seed coats, shells of nuts, in
wood and in the pulp of guava etc.
Differences between Parenchyma,
Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma
PROTECTIVE TISSUES
Protective tissues include Epidermis and Cork.
EPIDERMIS: Epidermis is protective in function. It is
formed of living cells arranged in a single layer.
Epidermis is covered with a waterproof and non cellular
waxy cover called cuticle.
In leaves epidermis has small openings called stomata.
FUNCTIONS
 Protects underlying tissues from mechanical injury,
chemicals and infections.
 Cuticle of epidermis protects against water loss.
 Stomata in epidermis of leaves help in gaseous exchange
during respiration and photosynthesis.
CORK
Cork cells are dead are closely packed without any
intercellular spaces.
Their cell walls are deposited with a waxy substance
called suberin.
 FUNCTIONS:
Protects plants from infections and mechanical injury.
It consists of lenticels.
Cork is used for manufacture of stoppers, sports goods
etc.
COMPLEX TISSUES
 Xylem and phloem are types of complex permanent tissues.
 These are found in vascular plants.
XYLEM:
 It is mainly responsible for conduction of water and minerals from
roots to the top of the plants. Hence also called water conducting
tissue.
 It consists of four types of cells.
 Xylem tracheids
 Xylem vessels
 Xylem parenchyma
 Xylem fibres
XYLEM TRACHEIDS: these are dead elongated cells
with tapering ends.
Cell walls are very thick and lignified.
Lumen is broad.
XYLEM VESSELS: They occur as long ducts placed one
above the other. The length of vessel may range from
10cm to 6m.
 These have lignified and wide lumen.
XYLEM FIBRES: These are long narrow cells tapering at
both ends. These are also called root fibres,
sclerenchymatous fibres.
XYLEM PARENCHYMA: these are living cells with thin
cellulose wall.
PHLOEM
Phloem contains tubes for the transport of food process
from green and storage organs of the plants to other
organs.
Phloem is also called bast.
Phloem consist of four kinds of cells.
 Sieve tubes
 Companion cells
 Phloem parenchyma
 Phloem fibres
SIEVE TUBES: These are cylindrical cells arranged in
vertical rows end to end. Their end walls are perforated by
minute pores.
These perforated end walls are called sieve plates.
 COMPANION CELLS: these are elongated thin walled
living parenchyma cells associated with sieve tubes.
 PHLOEM PARENCHYMA: it is formed of thin walled
parenchyma cells, stores food.
 PHLOEM FIBRES: these are dead Sclerenchyma fibres
formed of lignified cells and provides mechanical
strength.
 The textile fibres of jute, hemp and flax are phloem fibers.
Differences between xylem and phloem
SPECIAL PERMANENT TISSUES
Special permanent tissues are formed of cells that are
associated with secretion or excretion of material. These
are of three types:
LATICIFEROUS TISSUE: Its cells are tubular and are
filled with latex.
The latex is a white, thick and sticky fluid composed of,
starch grains, proteins, tannins, mucilage and rubber.
Latex is secreted by Banyan tree, Rubber tree and
Oleander tree.
GLANDULAR TISSUE: Glandular tissue secretes gum,
resin, mucilage, oil and digestive enzymes. The cells are
organised to form glands in different parts of the plant
body.

HYDATHODE TISSUE: This tissue is modified to exude

water as in Nasturtium and Colocasia.
ANIMAL TISSUES
Based on their functions, animal tissues are classified into
following four types:
 Epithelial tissue or epithelium – Protecting tissue or
covering tissue
 Connective tissue – Packing tissue
 Muscular tissue – Contracting tissue
 Nervous tissue – Coordinating tissue
EPITHELIAL TISSUE- The Protecting
Tissue
The word ‘epi’ means upon, and ‘thelio’ means to grow.
Epithelial tissue is a protective animal tissue.
It forms continuous sheet on both external and internal
surfaces of the body and body organs.
Hence it is called covering tissue.
LOCATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Epithelium occurs as a protective covering all over the
body. It also covers all the body organs.
It forms outermost layer of the skin.
Epithelium forms lining of the body cavities and cavities
of all the hallow organs. It lines buccal cavity, pharynx,
oesophagus, stomach, nose, air tubes, lungs and all blood
vessels.
The epithelial tissue which forms the outer coverings is
called epithelium and the one that lines the cavities is
called endothelium.
CHARACTERISTICS
Epithelial cells are closely placed. They do not have
intercellular spaces.
The cells are tightly held together by cell junctions and
cementing substances.
Epithelial cells rest on a non cellular, gelatinous basement
membrane with collagen fibres.
Epithelial cells may be flat, cuboidal or columnar.
Epithelium does not have cell supply.
FUNCTIONS
Protection
Absorption
Secretion & Excretion
Sensory perception (Receiving Stimuli)
Gametes formation
Respiration
Forming exoskeleton
Regeneration
Movement
Acts as barriers
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
 Squamous epithelium is made up of thin, flat, disc-like,
polygonal cells. The nucleus is rounded, bulging and
centrally located.
 The cell margins may be smooth or wavy. Adjacent cells
fit together like tiles on a pavement or floor.
 The squamous epithelium is of two kinds:
Simple Squamous Epithelium: Made up of single layer of
flat cells.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Composed of more
than one layer of squamous cells.
LOCATION
Simple squamous epithelium forms the lining of nose,
pericardial cavity, blood vessels, lung alveoli, bronchioles,
coelomic cavity, Bowmans’ capsule etc.
Stratified squamous epithelium is present where thick
covers are required, e.g., Surface
of the skin (upper layer is formed
of dead cells) and oral cavity,
pharynx and oesophagus.
FUNCTIONS
 Protection
 Exchange of gases
 Ultra filtration
CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
 Cuboidal epithelium is composed of cube-like cells of
almost equal height and width.
 LOCATION:
 Cuboidal epithelium is present in kidney tubules, Salivary
glands, Ciliary body and Choroid layer of eye, Sweat
glands, Pancreatic duct, Thyroid follicles etc.
 It is also present in the germinal epithelium of testes and
ovaries.
FUNCTIONS
 Mechanical support
 Secretion
 Absorption and Excretion
 Gamete formation
COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Columnar epithelium consists of tall, cylindrical, pillar-
like cells. The basal part of the cells which rests on the
basement membrane bears oval nucleus.
The free end of the cells has large number of minute
finger-like projections called
microvilli or brush border.
Microvilli increase the
absorptive surface.
LOCATION:
 Columnar epithelium lines pharynx, stomach, intestine,
larynx and oviduct.
 It is also found in Sweat glands and Sebaceous glands.

FUNCTIONS:
 Columnar epithelium functions in secretion and
absorption.
 It provides mechanical support to the organs.
CILIATED EPITHELIUM
Ciliated epithelium is modified columnar or cuboidal
epithelium. Therefore, ciliated epithelium can be ciliated
columnar epithelium or ciliated cuboidal epithelium.
Its cells bear cilia at their free end. Cilia move in rhythmic
fashion making the substances to move.
LOCATION:
The ciliated columnar epithelium forms the lining of trachea,
fallopian tubes, lungs, nasal passage, kidney tubules etc.
The ciliated cuboidal epithelium is found in vas deferens
(sperm ducts).
FUNCTIONS
Ciliated epithelium causes movement of liquid or
suspended solid particles or mucus through ducts.
It causes movement of ovum and zygote towards uterus.
It helps in removing unwanted particles from trachea.
Cilia help to circulate cerebrospinal fluid in brain.
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
Glandular epithelium is modified columnar epithelium. Its
cells are modified to secrete certain substances. It lines
stomach, intestine and other secretory organs.
The gland cells may occur singularly as unicellular glands
(goblet cells in the mucus membrane of alimentary canal) or
may congregate to form multicellular glands (sweat glands
and sebaceous glands in the skin, salivary glands, mammary
glands etc).
 FUNCTIONS:
Glandular epithelium secretes sweat, oil, milk, digestive
enzymes and hormones, etc.
Differences Between Different Types
Of Epithelial Tissues
CONNECTIVE TISSUE- The Packing
Tissue

 Connective tissue binds or connects various tissues and

organs in the body and provides them rigidity, support and
protection.
 It is also called packing tissue.
 It is most abundant tissue in the animal body.
CHARACTERISTICS
 Connective tissue is formed of large intercellular matrix,
connective tissue cells and fibres.
 It has fewer number of cells scattered in the matrix.
 Matrix is the nonliving, jelly-like ground substance.
 Large number of white and yellow fibres are present in the
matrix.
 Matrix and fibres are secreted by cells of connective
tissue.
GENERAL FUNCTIONS
 Binding
 Support
 Storage
 Attachment
 Transportation
 Padding and packing
 Defence
 Repair
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective tissue proper – The Binding
Tissue
It is the most abundant type of connective tissue. Its
matrix is soft, gelatinous and less rigid.
It holds various tissues together in an organ. There are
fibres and cells in the jelly-like matrix.
Connective tissue proper is of two types.
 Loose connective tissue with few fibres and more matrix,
e.g., Areolar and Adipose tissues.
 Dense connective tissue proper with more fibres and less
matrix, e.g., Ligaments and Tendons.
AREOLAR TISSUE
It is the basic and most widely distributed connective tissue, in
which fibres are loosely arranged in a meshwork. Its matrix is
jelly-like and contains four types of cells and three types of
fibres. The cells are:
 Large star shaped fibroblasts or fibrocytes that secrete fibres.
 Large amoeboid histocytes or wandering phagocytes with
engulf foreign substances.
 Irregular mast cells that secrete matrix and heparin.
 Small lymphoid cells.
 Three types of fibres are present in the matrix, tough white
collagen fibres, elastic yellow elastin fibres and reticular fibres.
LOCATION: Areolar tissue is found below the skin, in the
kidneys and testes and surrounds the muscle bundles, blood
vessels etc.
FUNCTIONS:
 It is a binding tissue. It binds various tissue together in an
organ.
 It helps in the repair of body
tissues after injury.
 Its histocytes (amoebocytes)
protect against infection by
engulfing foreign substances
 Mast cells are associated
with allergic reactions.
ADIPOSE TISSUE
 It is a fat storing connective tissue. Its cells becomes large
and oval due to the storage of fat globules.
 These cells are called adipocytes. Adipose cells may
contain single large fat globule (white adipose tissue) or
several tiny droplets (brown adipose tissue).
 Adipose tissue also contains fibroblasts, macrophages,
collagen and elastin fibres.
LOCATION: Adipose tissue is present below the skin
(subcutaneous fat) between the internal organs, around
blood vessel and kidneys, below the eye balls and in
yellow bone marrow.
 Adipose tissue forms hump of camel and blubber of
whale.
FUNCTIONS:
 Storage
 Insulation
 Body contours
 Shock absorber
White Fibrous Connective Tissue-
TENDON
It is dense fibrous connective tissue. It occurs in the form
of sheets or tendons.
A tendon is a dense band of connective tissue which
connects a muscle to a bone and transmits the force which
the muscle exerts.
Its matrix contains parallel bundles of unbranched white
collagen fibres.
These fibres provide great strength but limited flexibility.
FUNCTIONS

 Sheets of this tissue form covering of bones and

cartilages.
 It also occurs in the duramatter of brain and spinal cord.
 It forms tendon at the end of skeletal muscles and attaches
muscles to the bones.
Yellow Fibrous Connective Tissue-
LIGAMENT
Due to the presence of a network of elastic yellow fibres
in the matrix, this tissue is highly elastic.
Bundles of this tissue forms ligament.
FUNCTIONS
 Sheets of this tissue form a covering of blood vessels,
arteries, and bronchioles.
 Bundles of yellow fibrous connective tissue form
ligaments. These attach bones to each other at the
joints.
 Because of elasticity, ligaments allow bending and
rotational movements of bone over a joint.
 Sprain is caused due to overstretching of ligaments.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TENDON
AND LIGAMENT
SKELETAL MUSCLE
 The skeletal tissue comprises of cartilages and
bones.
 It forms the supporting framework of the body.
 It has solid matrix.
CARTILAGE
 It is a soft and elastic skeletal tissue.
 It is harder than the connective tissue proper.
 Its matrix is dense and elastic due to the presence of a
special protein called “Chondrin”.
 It is secreted by cartilage forming cells called
“Chondrocytes” or “Chondroblasts”.
 These cells occur in groups and are enclosed in fluid filled
spaces called “Lacunae”.
 The cartilage has an outer covering of tough fibrous
membrane called “Perichondrium”.
LOCATION
Cartilage is present in the epiglottis, larynx, tracheal rings,
nasal septum, pinna, at the end of bones and in between
the ribs and sternum.
FUNCTIONS
 Cartilage supports various body parts.
 In cartilaginous fishes like sharks, cartilage forms the
whole skeleton and supports the body and fins.
 Invertebral discs of cartilage absorb shock and function as
cushion against stress.
 At the end of long bones cartilage prevents wear and tear.
BONE
 Bone is a harder, rigid and non-flexible skeletal tissue. It
forms the skeleton of the vertebrates.
 The matrix of bone is very hard because of collagenous
protein called “Ossein” and presence of calcium and
phosphate compounds.
 The long bones of vertebrates are hallow containing a
cavity called “marrow cavity”. It is full of bone marrow.
 In the solid surfaces of bone, the longitudinal canals called
“Haversian canals” are present.
 The channel that connects two haversian canals is called
as “Volkmann’s canal”.
 Volkmann's canals are any of the small channels in the bone
that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone.
 The matrix is arranged in the for of layers called “Lamellae”.
 The fluid-filled ring-shaped spaces present in lamellae are
called “lacunae”.
 The lacunae contain bone- forming cells called “Osteocytes”.
LOCATION:
 Bones form the endoskeleton of the vertebrates.

FUNCTIONS:
 Cells of bone marrow give rise to blood corpuscles.
 Bones form the supporting framework and protect internal
organs.
 Long bones help in locomotion.
 These provide surface for the attachment of muscles.
 Bones are reservoirs of Calcium and Phosphate.
Differences Between Bone And Cartilage
VASCULAR OR FLUID TISSUE
-THE TRANSPORTING TISSUE

Blood and lymph are fluid connective tissues.

These transport nutrients, oxygen, vitamins and hormones
to the cells.
The cells of vascular tissue are called corpuscles.
They lack power of division.
BLOOD
Blood is bright red coloured fluid connective tissue.
It forms 8-10% of the body weight.
It flows through closed system of tubes called “Blood
vessels”.
About 5-6 liters of blood is present in a human body
measuring 7.4 pH.
Blood is formed of plasma and blood cells.
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
BLOOD CELLS
PLASMA
 Plasma is the fluid matrix of the blood.
 It forms about 55% of the blood volume.
 Plasma is formed of proteins, inorganic salts, nutrients,
hormones, antibodies, nitrogenous wastes.
 FUNCTIONS:
 Blood plasma distributes various materials from one part
to another part within the body.
 “Prothrombin” and “Fibrinogen” present in plasma help in
blood clotting.
 Antibodies present in plasma provide immunity.
BLOOD CORPUSCLES
These are highly specialized, non- dividing cells that float
in plasma.
They form about 45%of blood volume.
There are three types of blood cells:
 Red blood cells (or) Erythrocytes
 White blood cells (or) Leucocytes
 Platelets (or) Thrombocytes.
ERYTHROCYTES
 These are most abundant type of cells in the blood.
 These cells are biconcave and non- nucleated.
 They posses a red iron protein called “Haemoglobin”.
This gives the blood its red colour.
 The life span of RBC is 120 days.
 RBCs are manufactured in bone marrow.
 The number of RBCs in males is 5-5.5 million/cubic ml.
 The number of RBCs in females is 4.5-5 million/ cubic ml
 The number of RBCs in infants is 6-7 million/cubic ml.
LEUCOCYTES
These are rounded, amoeboid, nucleated and colorless
cells.
WBCs are formed in red bone marrow, spleen, thymus
and lymph tubes.
The life span of WBCs ranges from few hours to few
days.
The number of WBCs in human blood is 6,000- 9,000 per
cubic ml.
Human WBC are of two types:
Granulocytes: WBCs containing granular cytoplasm.
Granulocytes are of three types:
Eosinophils or Acidophils: Constitute 2-5% of total WBC
and have anti-allergic substances.
Basophils: Constitute about 1% of total WBCs and are
responsible for secretion of heparin and histamine.
Heparin and Histamine are the anti-coagulant and anti-
allergic substances respectively.
Neutrophils: Constitute 62% of total WBCs. These are
phagocytic in nature.
Agranulocytes: WBCs containing non-granular
cytoplasm.
Agranulocytes are of two types:
Lymphocytes: constitute 30-35% of total WBCs.
They secrete antibodies and help in healing the wounds.
Monocytes: constitute 3-7% of total WBCs.
They engulf germs and cell debris.
FUNCTIONS

Neutrophils and Monocytes protect our body from

microbial infections by engulfing the microbes by
phagocytosis.
Lymphocytes secrete antibodies against pathogens and
their antigens that enter the body.
Basophils produce anti-allergic substances.
THROMBOCYTES
These are minute, rounded, colorless, biconvex and non-
nucleated bodies.
They are not cells but pieces of certain giant cells of the
bone marrow.
They help in clotting of blood at the site of wound by
releasing a chemical “Thromboplastin”.
The number of platelets in human adult is 2-4 lakhs per
cubic milliliter of blood.
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
 Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones etc. to every
part of the body.
 It collects wastes from every part of the body.
 It helps in thermoregulation, water balance and maintenance
of pH of the body.
 RBCs help the transport of respiratory gases from lungs to
tissues and back.
 WBCs help to fight diseases by engulfing and destroying
foreign bodies by producing antibodies and anti-toxins.
 Blood platelets help in clotting of blood at the site of injury.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
As blood flows through tissues some amount of fluids
and certain solid materials are constantly flowing out
at different junctions.
These materials are to be collected and sent back into
blood circulation. From the heart the blood flows into
the arteries finally into the capillaries.
To supply nutrients to the cells/ tissues the liquid
portion of the blood with nutrients flows out of the
capillaries. This is called “Tissue Fluid”.
Some portion of the tissue fluid enters into the venules,
which in turn form the veins which carry blood to
heart.
The remaining tissue fluid transport to the main blood
stream takes place by “Lymphatic System”.
 LYMPH: A Latin, ‘Lymph’ word means ‘water’.
Lymph is the vital link between blood and tissue by
which essential substance passing from blood to cells
and excretory products from cells to blood.
Lymphatic system is a parallel system to venous
system which collects tissue fluid from tissues and
transports it to the venous system.
LYMPH
 Like blood, lymph is also a connective tissue. Lymph is
actually filtered blood.
 It is devoid of red blood cells and blood platelets. WBCs
are less numerous but, lymphocytes are the most abundant.
 They are produced in lymph nodes and lymph organs.
 Lymph flows in lymph capillaries and lymph vessels and is
finally drained into postcaval vein.
FUNCTIONS:
 Lymph acts as a middle man for the exchange of
substances between blood and body tissues.
 Lymphocytes provide immunity.
 Differences Between
Blood And Lymph
MUSCULAR TISSUE
- THE CONTRACTILE VACUOLE
Muscular tissue is the contractile tissue.
It forms nearly 40% of total body weight. It occurs in the
form of bundles or sheaths.
It is associated with the movement of body parts and
locomotion of the individuals.
It also forms the flesh of the body.
It helps in the movement of substances within the body
and causes opening and closing of apertures.
CHARACTERISTICS
 The cells of muscular tissue are long and fibre like.
 The cytoplasm of each fibre is called Sarcoplasm. It has highly
contractile myofibrils.
 The plasma membrane around the muscles cells is called
Sarcolemma.
 Myofibrils are formed of two types of contractile proteins called
Actin and Myosin.
 The muscle fibres are bonded into a muscle bundle and are
covered with muscle sheath called Perimysium.
 The endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibres is called
Sarcoplasmic reticulum.
 The intercellular matrix is absent between the cells.
TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE

 The muscular tissue consists of three types of muscles:

 Striated/ striped/ skeletal/ voluntary muscles.
 Non striated/ unstriped/ visceral/ smooth muscles.
 Cardiac muscles.
 More than 600 muscles control various movement of our
body parts.
STRIATED MUSCLES
The muscle fibres of striated muscles have alternate bands
of dark and light colour. Hence, they are called striped
muscles.
They are also called skeletal muscles because their
bundles are attached to the bones and are responsible for
the movement.
Striated muscles are also called voluntary muscles.
Striated muscles form nearly 50% of entire body weight.
Flesh in the body is made up of striated muscles.
 LOCATION: Striated muscles are present in the limbs,
face, neck and diaphragm.
 These muscle bundles are covered with a sheath of tough
fibrous connective tissue and are attached to the bones.
STRUCTURE
Each muscle cell of striated muscle is an unbranched
cylindrical fibre.
The muscle fibres are surrounded by sarcolemma.
The sarcoplasm is multinucleated.
Myofibrils show alternate light and dark cross bands. The
alternate zones between the cross bands is called Z- line.
The area between two successive Z-lines is called
sarcomere.
They contract rapidly and powerfully and get fatigued due
to accumulation of lactic acid.
FUNCTIONS
Striated muscles are associated with voluntary movements
of body and body parts.
They are responsible for locomotion.
Tongue movements are brought about by striated muscles.
These help in ingestion of food.
Breathing movements and blinking of eyes are also due to
striated muscles.
NON-STRIATED MUSCLES
 Non- striated muscles are also called smooth muscles or
unstriped muscles because their myofibrils do not have
dark and light bands.
 They are also called involuntary muscles because their
contraction is not under the control of our will.
 These muscles are also called visceral muscles because
they are found in the wall of visceral organs.
LOCATION
These muscles are found in the walls of all hallow and
tubular visceral organs such as alimentary canal, urinary
bladder, blood vessels and ducts of glands.
They occur either as sheets or as sphincters.
STRUCTURE
 The non-striated muscle fibres are spindle-shaped with
pointed ends.
 The sarcolemma is absent.
 The myofibrils do not show bands or striations.
 Each fibre is uni- nucleated and nucleus lies in the centre
of the fiber.
 They contract slowly and rhythmically and can remain
contracted for a long time without getting fatigued.
FUNCTIONS
 The smooth muscles produce peristaltic contractions in the
wall of alimentary canal and help to push the food down.
 They form sphincter and bring about opening and closing
of apertures, tubes or cavities.
 Involuntary muscles of iris and ciliary body of eye control
amount of light to enter into eye.
 Muscles of ciliary body are responsible for accommodation
of lens.
CARDIAC MUSCLES
 LOCATION: Cardiac muscles are found only in the walls
of heart. They are striated yet involuntary.
 STRUCTURE: The cardiac muscle fibres are branched
and form an interconnecting network.
 The fibres are uninucleated and nucleus is centrally
located.
 The myofilaments are connected together by dark
junctions called intercalated discs.
 Cardiac muscles are involuntary. They contract tirelessly
throughout life and never get fatigued.
FUNCTIONS
The movements of heart chambers are caused by the
contraction of cardiac muscles.
They pump blood from heart into the blood vessels.
NERVOUS TISSUE
- THE COORDINATING TISSUE
Nervous tissue is highly specialised tissue for receiving
stimuli and transmission and conduction of these stimuli
as electrochemical nerve impulses.
Nervous tissue has two main characteristics :
Conduction
Integration
It occurs in the brain, spinal cord and the nerves.
The nervous tissue is formed of neurons or nerve cells.
NEURONS OR NERVE CELLS
 Neurons are the structural and functional unit of nervous
tissue. They may be as long as a metre.
 Neurons possess two main special features.
 They perceive stimuli.
 They transmit or conduct nerve impulses.
STRUCTURE
A neuron is differentiated into three parts:
 Cell body or Cyton
 Dendrites
 Axon
CELL BODY OR CYTON
 Cell body is also known as a soma.
 The cell body is also the region of the neuron in which an
electrical impulse is generated.
 The cell body carries genetic information, maintains the
neuron’s structure, and provides energy to drive activities.
 Like other cell bodies, a neuron’s soma contains a nucleus
and specialized organelles.
AXON
An axon is a long, tail-like structure which joins the cell
body.
Many axons are surrounded by a myelin sheath/
neurilemma composed of lipids and proteins.
The cytoplasm of axon is called as neuroplasm.
Myelin helps axons to conduct an electrical signal.
Neurons generally have one main axon.
DENDRITES
 Dedrons are small and highly branched processes arising
from the Cyton.
 Their number may vary from one to many.
 They receive impulses from the other axon and convey
them to the Cyton.
NERVE FIBRES
The axon covered with one or two sheaths is called a
nerve fibre.
The axons with neurilemma alone form non- medullated
nerve fibres, while axons with myelin sheath form
medullated nerve fibres.
The myelin sheath is interrupted with regular intervals.
These are called nodes of Ranvier.
FUNCTIONS
 Nerves in our body are like cables made up of many nerve
fibres.
 Nerve fibres conduct messages from one part of the body
to the other.
 They receive stimuli from the environment and send
messages to the brain and spinal cord.
 Impulses from the brain and spinal cord are carried out to
various body organs.