Photosynthesi

s By :
Shanta Noventhya Br Ginting, S.Pd
Photosynthesis
Process
Light Dependent Reaction
It occurs inside of the thylakoids within the
chloroplast. Produces energy from solar power
Photosynthesis (photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH.

Light Independent Reaction / C alvin

C ycle
It occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. Uses
energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make
sugar (glucose).
Light Dependent Reaction
The production of ATP by the light dependent reactions is called photophosphorylation,
as it uses light as an energy source
During the light reaction, there are two possible routes for electron flow.
• Noncyclic Electron Flow / non-cyclic photophosphorylation, which is the
"standard" form of the light-dependent reactions.
• Cyclic Electron Flow / Cyclic photophosphorylation
Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation
• Non cyclic electron flow uses two photosystems, called photosystem I
and photosystem II, which are both embedded in the thylakoid
membrane. It also called ‘Z scheme’ of electron flow.

• The pigments are arranged in light-harvesting clusters called

photosystems of which there are two types, I and II. (Textbook
page 288)

• Pigments are organized along with proteins into complexes called

photosystems.
Photosystem
I
• Photosystem I is also known as P700. Its name is derived from the
word
“pigment”, and the maximal wavelength of light it can absorb, 700 nm.
• Photosystem I consist of chlorophyll a.
Photosystem
II
• Photosystem II is also known as P680. It is called as P680 because
the
maximal wavelength of light it can absorb is 680 nm.
• Photosystem II consist of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

1. The first thing that happens is that photosystem II receives

photons,
or light energy.
Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

2. These electrons become so energized that they escape

photosystem II and move to a nearby electron acceptor molecule,
located in the electron transport chain.
Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

3. Meanwhile, to replace the electrons leaving photosystem II, water

is
split, releasing oxygen, two hydrogen ions, and two electrons.
Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

4. As the electrons are passed through the chain they lose energy, which is to
translocate H+ ions into the thylakoid.
Protein in the electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions from
the stroma into the thylakoid space.
Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

5. This creates a high concentration of ions in the thylakoid

space,
relative to the low concentration of ions in the stroma.
Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

6. The hydrogen ions flow down their concentration gradient, through

a channel in ATP synthase, releasing energy in the process. ATP
synthase uses this energy to add a phosphate to ADP, forming
ATP.
Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

7. As photosystem I absorbs additional light energy, the electrons

again become energized, escaping photosystem I and moving down
the second electron transport chain.
Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

8. The energized electrons and a hydrogen molecule are used

to
reduce NADP to NADPH.
Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation
• Non-cyclic photophosphorylation generates O 2 , ATP and NADPH
Cyclic Photophosphorylation

• In another form of the light reactions, called cyclic photophosphorylation,

electrons follow a different, circular path and only ATP is produced and
no NADPH is produced.
Cyclic Photophosphorylation

• The process of cyclic photophosphorylation involves only photosystem

I. This process is called cyclic because when only photosystem I is
functional, the electron is circulated within the photosystem and
photophosphorylation occurs due to the cyclic flow of electrons.
 Cyclic Photophosphorylation

• Light is absorbed by photosystem I (located in the thylakoid membrane) and

passed to the photosystem I primary pigment (P700)

• An electron in the chlorophyll molecule is excited to a higher energy

level and is emitted from the chlorophyll molecule (Photoactivation).
 Cyclic Photophosphorylation

• The excited electron is captured by an electron acceptor and passed back to a

chlorophyll molecule in photosystem I via a chain of electron carriers. (hence:
cyclic)
 Cyclic Photophosphorylation

• As electrons pass through the electron transport chain they provide energy to
transport protons (H+) from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen via a proton
pump
 Cyclic Photophosphorylation

• A build-up of protons in the thylakoid lumen can then be used to drive the
synthesis of ATP from ADP and an inorganic phosphate group (Pi) by the
process of chemiosmosis
 Cyclic Photophosphorylation

• The ATP then passes to the light-independent reactions

Cyclic Photophosphorylation
• Cyclic photophosphorylation generates ATP
only.
Non Cyclic
Photophosphorylation

• The mechanism of light dependent reaction is usually referred to the

non- cyclic photophosphorylation since it’s the standard form. So, from
here, when we talk about light dependent reaction, we actually talk
about this non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
Light I ndependent Reaction / C alvin
Cycle
• The overall purpose of the Calvin cycle is to convert carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere into carbohydrates (or sugars) which
the plant needs to power its cellular activities and build new plant
structures.
• The Calvin cycle reactions occur within the stroma of the
chloroplast.
• The reactions use the ATP and NADPH produced by the light
reactions to convert the carbon dioxide to carbohydrate.
Light Independent Reaction / C alvin
Cycle
The Calvin cycle can be divided into 3
phases :
• Carbon dioxide fixation
• reduction
• Regeneration of RuBP(ribulose bisphosphate).
Light Independent Reaction / C alvin
Cycle Carbon dioxide Fixation
• Carbon dioxide is attached
to RuBP, a five- carbon
molecule. The enzyme used
in this reaction is called
Rubisco.
• The result of the reaction is
an unstable 6-carbon
molecule that quickly splits
into two 3-carbon
molecules called 3-
phosphoglycerate, or 3-
PGA.
Light Independent Reaction / C alvin
Cycle Carbon dioxide Reduction
• ATP and NADPH are used to
convert the 3-PGA molecules
into molecules of a three-
carbon sugar,
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P).
Light Independent Reaction / C alvin
Cycle Regeneration of RuBP
• Some G3P molecules go
to make glucose, while
others must be recycled
to regenerate the RuBP
acceptor.
• Regeneration requires ATP
and involves a complex
network of reactions.
Light Independent Reaction / C alvin
Cycle • Three turns of the Calvin
cycle are needed to make
one G3P molecule that can
exit the cycle and go
towards making glucose.

3x C alvin Cycle = 3 C O 2 = 1 G3P = ½ molecule glucose

Light Independent Reaction / C alvin
Cycle • A G3P molecule contains
three fixed carbon atoms, so
it takes two G3Ps to build a
six-carbon glucose molecule.
It would take six turns of
the cycle.

6x C alvin Cycle = 6 C O 2 = 2 G3P = 1 molecule glucose

Light Independent Reaction / C alvin
Cycle • To produce 1 molecule of
glucose, it needs 6 turns of
Calvin Cycle, which needs 6
C O 2, 18 ATP, 12 NADPH.

6x C alvin Cycle = 6 C O 2 = 2 G3P = 1 molecule glucose