What is an Embedded System?

An embedded system is one that has computer

hardware with software embedded in it as one of its
components.
Or
We can say that it is “A combination of computer
hardware and software, and perhaps additional
mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a
dedicated function.
In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger
system or product, as is the case of an antilock
braking system in a car ”.
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 Embedded System Everywhere!!
Embedded systems span all aspects of modern life and
there are many examples of their use:
a) Biomedical Instrumentation – ECG Recorder, Blood
cell recorder, patient monitor system

b) Communication Systems – pagers, cellular phones,

cable TV terminals, fax and transreceivers, video
games and so on.

c) Embedded systems in automobiles- Motor control,

2 cruise control, body safety, engine safety, robotics
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 d) Industrial Instrumentation – Process controller,
DC motor controller, robotic systems, CNC
machine controller, close loop engine controller,
industrial moisture recorder cum controller.

e) Scientific – digital storage system, CRT display

controller, spectrum analyser.

f) Digital consumer electronics- set-top boxes,

DVDs, high definition TVs and digital cameras.

g) Satellites and Missiles- defence, communication,

and aerospace
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 Examples

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 Components of Embedded System

Layered architecture of an Embedded System

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 Embedded System Hardware

An embedded system uses a hardware platform to

perform the operation. Hardware of the embedded
system is assembled
with microprocessor/microcontroller. Generally, an
embedded system comprises of the following:
Power Supply
Memory
Processor
Timers
Output/Output circuits
Serial communication ports
SASC (System application specific circuits)
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 Embedded System Software
The software of an embedded system is written to
execute a particular function.
 It is normally written in a high-level setup like
Embedded C, C++, Python etc. and then compiled
down to offer code that can be stuck within a non-
volatile memory in the hardware.
An embedded system software is intended to keep
in view of the following three limits:
1.Convenience of system memory
2.Convenience of processor’s speed
3.When the embedded system runs constantly, there
is a necessity to limit power dissipation for actions
like run, stop and wake up.
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 Real Time Operating System
 A system which is essential to finish its task and send its
service on time, then only it said to be a real time operating
system.
 RTOS controls the application software and affords a device
to allow the processor run.
 It is responsible for managing the different hardware
resources of a personal computer and also host applications
which run on the PC.
 This operating system is specially designed to run various
applications with an exact timing and a huge amount of
consistency. Particularly, this can be significant in
measurement & industrial automation systems where a delay
of a program could cause a safety hazard.
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 Real Time Embedded System
Embedded systems in which some specific work has to be
done in a specific time period are called real-time systems.
It is of 2 types:
1. Hard Real-Time
2. Soft Real- Time
For example, consider a system that has to open a valve
within 30 milliseconds when the humidity crosses a
particular threshold. If the valve is not opened within 30
milliseconds, a catastrophe may occur.
Such systems with strict deadlines are called hard real-
time systems.

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 Hard Real-Time Embedded
System

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 Soft Real Time Embedded System
In some embedded systems, deadlines are
imposed, but not adhering to them once in a while
may not lead to a catastrophe.
 For example, consider a DVD player. Suppose,
you give a command to the DVD player from a
remote control, and there is a delay of a few
milliseconds in executing that command. But, this
delay won’t lead to a serious implication.
 Such systems are called soft real time systems .

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Cloud Computing

The "cloud" is a set of different types of hardware and software that work
collectively to deliver many aspects of computing to the end-user as an online
service.

Cloud Computing is the use of hardware and software to deliver a service over a
network (typically the Internet). With cloud computing, users can access files and
use applications from any device that can access the Internet.

An example of a Cloud Computing provider is Google's Gmail. Gmail users can
access files and applications hosted by Google via the internet from any device.

How is computing from the Cloud different from computing from my PC's
hard drive?
Unlike traditional computing where data is stored on your PC's local hard drive, the
data in the cloud is stored on many physical and/or virtual servers that are hosted
by a third-party service provider. An example of a cloud computing file storage
provider is Dropbox. Dropbox files can be accessed from any device via the
Internet.

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 The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home
appliances, and other items embedded
with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables
these things to connect, collect and exchange data.

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 Thank You

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 ASIC vs SOC vs FPGA
What is an ASIC
-ASIC - Application Specific Integrated Circuit
-A chip that is custom designed for a specific application
-Designed by a company for self use or for a specific customer
-Targeting a specific application and a very specific system.
-Customize for high performance and low power for the given system
-ASIC need not be just digital logic - can be digital or analog or mix of
both
-Example
-A 24x24 10G ethernet switch that is custom designed for a specific
system to meet performance/power demand.

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 What is an ASSP?
ASSP - Application Specific Standard Parts
A chip that is designed for a specific application but not
customized for a system or a customer.
Design for an application but target to sell in a wider
market and multiple customers
Design and implementation similar to ASIC process
Following Chips are designed for a specific application
but targets wider market
A stand alone USB interface chip, PCIE controller,
Ethernet Controller etc - An audio/video encoder/decoder
chip

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 What is a SOC?
SOC - System On Chip
New trend with more and more integration of
components on a chip
Contains one or more processor cores
Microprocessor or Microcontroller or DSP or GPU etc
On chip memory, hardware accelerators, peripheral
functions - Ethernet controller, PCIE controller, SATA
, USB etc

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 What is a SOC
An ASIC or ASPP can be an SOC or a non-SOC
An ASIC/ASSP with processor - SOC
An ASIC/ASSP without processor - non-SOC
Software development equally important in SOC
designs along with H/W to control the processor cores
on the chip

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 What is an FPGA
FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Arrays
Array of Programmable blocks with a programmable
interconnect
Designs captured in an HDL can be synthesized for the
FPGA technology and downloaded into an FPGA
Reconfiguration is possible by changing the design
and downloading to same FPGA
Most popular FPGA - Xilinx Spartan and Virtex Series
- Altera Stratix and Cyclone Series

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 FPGA vs ASIC compared

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