Middle Ages Art

to
Realism Art
 MIDDLE AGES
As the term denotes, it is the period between the decline of the Roman
Empire and the Renaissance.

Since the Church was the most important figure, the most important
products of the early Middle Ages would have to be copied of the
Christian scriptures.
The printing press came later after the Middle Ages, so copies of the
scriptures were done by hand.
• Art during the Middle Ages was different based on the location in
Europe as well as the period of time.
• However, in general, Middle Age art can be divided up into three main
periods and styles: Byzantine Art, Romanesque Art, and Gothic Art.
• Much of the art in Europe during the Middle Ages was religious art with
Catholic subjects and themes.
• The different types of art included painting, sculpture, metal work,
engraving, stained glass windows, and manuscripts.
• The end of the Middle Ages is often signaled by a great change in art
with the start of the Renaissance Period.
Artists of the
Middle Ages
 Ambrogio
Giotto di Bondone
Lorenzetti
Italian artist from the 13th
An Italian painter of the Gothic
century best known for his
movement, he is famous for his
frescoes in Padua's
frescoes, the Allegory of Good
Scrovegni Chapel.
Government and the Allegory of
Bad Government.

Donatello Benvenuto di
Giuseppe
An Italian sculpture known
for his statues of David, Also known as Cimabue, this
Mary Magdalene, and the Florentine artist was well-
known for his paintings and
Madonna.
mosaics.
 Renaissance Art
• Following the Middle Ages, the Renaissance was a vigorous period of European cultural,
artistic, political, and economic "rebirth." The Renaissance, often defined as lasting from the
14th to the 17th centuries, promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature, and art.

• The influence of humanism shifted the focus of some artworks during the Renaissance Period
to empower the "individual."

• Most artwork emphasized NATURALISM, which was also an

influence of humanism since there was a great emphasis on the
proportionality of the human body.

• Most artworks remained religious in its focus and

themes
Renaissance art is often divided up into two
periods:
Early Renaissance (1400-1479) - Artists learned by trying to emulate classical artists
focusing on symmetry and creating the perfect form. This era featured such artists as
Giotto, Masaccio, and Donatello.

High Renaissance (1475-1525) - A rising interest in perspective and space gave the
art even more realism. Great artists such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and
Raphael flourished during this period.
 Early Renaissance

Giotto inaugurated a new period in painting by

fusing religious antiquity with the nascent concept
of Renaissance Humanism. His figures acquired an
emotional intensity hitherto unseen in great art.
Giotto is well renowned for his explorations of
perspective and pictorial space, which gave his
religious tales a fresh feeling of realism.

Giotto di Bondone
ITALIAN PROTO-RENAISSANCE
PAINTER
Giottos' Artwork

Celebration of
Isaac Blessing Jacob Crucifix
Christmas at Greccio
(1290-1295) (1288-1289) (1300)
Massacio's Artwork

1425-27
1422 Payment of the Tribute

San Giovenale 1424-25

Money
Triptych Madonna and Child with
St Anne
Early Renaissance

Donatello was one of the most influential

Italian artists of the 15th-century and
forerunner of the Italian Renaissance. He
pioneered new aesthetics in response to the
flourishing Renaissance Humanism
movement of the time. Donatello's lifelike
and intensely emotional works established
him as one of Italy's most prominent artists.

Donatello
ITALIAN SCULPTOR
donatello's Artwork

1408-15 1415-17 1433

Saint John the Evangelist Bust of Niccolo da
St. George
Uzzano
 High
Rennaisance Michelangelo is considered to be one of the
greatest artists of the Italian Renaissance period
even while acquiring a reputation for being
temper driven, fickle, and difficult. He was part
of the revival of classical Greek and Roman art,
yet his unique contributions went beyond mere
mimicry of antiquity. His work was infused
with a psychological intensity and emotional
realism that had never been seen before.

Michelangelo
Buonarroti
ITALIAN PAINTER, SCULPTOR,
POET, AND ARCHITECT
Early Renaissance

Masaccio is considered by many to be the first truly

Renaissance painter. He adopted a rational approach that
would come to define the Renaissance as a whole.
Masaccio's life was tragically cut short, but his
exceptional achievement impacted the trajectory of
Western art.

Massacio
FLORENTINE PAINTER
Michelangelo's Artwork

1508-12
The Creation of Adam

1496-97 1501-04
Bacchus David
 High
Rennaisance Throughout the Italian High Renaissance, the ethos of
Humanism prevailed, in which artists were profoundly
rooted in the study of the humanities in order to continually
improve themselves as world citizens. A person absorbed
with the study and accomplishment of such disparate
hobbies would subsequently be dubbed a "Renaissance
man." Leonardo da Vinci was the term's first prime
exemplar. Despite the fact that his extensive personal
interests resulted in his mastery of several professions, he is
largely regarded as one of the finest painters of all time. His
enduring works are still studied and admired today.
Leonardo Da Vinci
ITALIAN PAINTER, DESIGNER, SCULPTOR,
INVENTOR, SCIENTIST, ARCHITECT, AND
ENGINEER
Leonardo's Artwork

1498
The Last Supper
1485 1503
The Vitruvian Man Mona Lisa
 High
Rennaisance
Raphael forged a comet's trail of painting during the
height of the Italian High Renaissance while only
being alive for 37 prolific and passionate years. His
genuine enthusiasm for life spilled out onto the
canvas, where his mastery at conveying the
Renaissance Humanist era's ideas of beauty was
astounding. He is considered an equal member of
the holy trinity of master artists of his day, with
Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo.

Raphael
ITALIAN PAINTER, PRINTMAKER,
AND ARCHITECT
 raphael's Artwork

1510
Disputation of the Holy 1509-11
1504 Sacrament The School of Athens
The Marriage of the
Virgin
 PERSPECTIVE OF REVIVAL OF
DEPTH
ROMAN
this techniques provided a three- performed THEATRICALS
during special occasions at the
courts of Italian princess
dimensional perspective PLAYS
done in such a way that showcased grand and
lavish entertainment for the audience

Aside from the song and

dance numbers, they
interested in elaborate have
greatly influenced their
tradition of popular theater.

School of Athens by Raphael

featured philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates
Mannerism
• The word Mannerism has been derived from the
Italian word “Maniera.” It means style or manner.
• Mannerism is also known as Late Renaissance or
Mannerism, and it is a European art style that
emerged in 1520. It is not an exact definition, and
still a subject of debate, because this term is used for
two things such as literature and music. The artwork
of this art style is very fantastic, and shows • Historians and artists differ as to whether
harmonious ideals such as Madonna and Laocoön Mannerism is a movement, a style or a period
and His Sons. because this term remains controversial due to
its use. Carl Jacob Christoph Burckhardt was a
Swiss historian who popularized this term in
the western world. But by the end of the High
Renaissance, many artists experienced
difficulty in the pertinence of this art style.
Ar t i s t s o f
Mannerism

El Greco
Born: 1 October 1541, Heraklion, Greece
Died: 7 April 1614, Toledo, Spain
On view: Museo Nacional del Prado,
National Gallery of Art, MORE
Full name: Doménikos Theotokópoulos
Nickname: El Greco
His body of work is powerfully evocative of
the Divine and widely recognized for
expressing the spirituality that lies behind all
being. He became enthralled by the new
Mannerism, which rejected mere reproduction
of nature in art in favor of expressing the
work's underlying psychological
characteristics beyond mythical or religious
themes.
Artwork of El Greco

1577-79 1580 1600

The Nobleman With his Hand on Christ blessing (The
The Holy Trinity
his Chest (El caballero de la Saviour of the World)
mano en el pecho)

Tintoretto
Born: 1518, Venice, Italy
Died: 31 May 1594, Republic of
Venice
Venetian school
Full name: Jacopo Comin
Standing in front of one of Tintoretto's epic works is to be
immersed in a whirlwind of activity, with muscular figures
interlaced into rhythmic patterns of emotional anguish and
dramatic conflicts. The sceneries hover, threatening to
break through the borders between pictorial pictorial space
and the practical world. They were originally created to
embellish the enormous interiors of great halls and
expansive ceilings. Even his one-of-a-kind self-portraits
reveal the artist's soul rather than simply displaying his
style.
Artwork of Tintoretto

1548 1575
1548 The Miracle of the Slave The Origin of the Milky
Self-Portrait Way

Pontormo
Born: 24 May 1494, Empoli, Italy
Died: 1 January 1557, Florence, Italy
This artist is known for his
commercial illustration.
Full name: Jacopo da Pontormo
Pontormo was one of the most influential Italian
painters of the High Renaissance. He rubbed
shoulders with some of the greatest artists of the
time, including Michelangelo, and found
inspiration in northern European engravings and
woodcuts. Pontormo became increasingly
reclusive and unhappy in the last decade of his
life, refusing even the company of Bronzino.
 Artwork of Pontormo

1517-18
1514-16 1518
Joseph in Egypt
Visitation of the Virgin and Madonna with Child and
St. Elizabeth Saints
BAROQUE &
ROCOCO
 ART

The Entombment of Christ, The Swing, Jean-Honoré Fragonard,

Caravaggio, 1603-04 circa 1767,
 ARCHITECTURE

Church of Saint Ignatius of German Rococo Interior

Loyola, Rome
Artist of Baroque Period
(Italy)
Antonio Lucio Vivaldi

• An Italian Baroque
composers, virtuoso
violinist, teacher,
impresario and Roman
Catholic priest.
 - His best-known piece was “The four Season”, it is a set of four violin
concerto composed in 1723. It is the world’s most popular and recognized
piece of Baroque music. The four violin concerto broke new ground with
their programmatic depiction of the changing seasons and their technical
innovations.
Arcangelo Corelli
• An Italian violinist and composer known chiefly for his
influence on the development of violin style and for his
Sonatas and his 12 concerti grossi.

• His instrumental works established the chamber music

style and form of the late baroque era.

• The trio sonatas of Opus 1 and 3 were intended for

church performance (da chiesa) with figured bass for
organ and those of Opus 2 and 4 were chamber music
(da camera) with harpsichord and/or archlute
accompaniment.
 • Corelli’s famous work
was Concerto Grosso
or Christmas
Concerto (no.8), this
concerti grossi were
not published until the
year of his death

• This piece is commonly called the “Christmas Concerto” because it may have
been performed by Corelli on Christmas Eve, 1690. The title page bears the
inscription, Fatto per la notte di Natale (“made for the night of Christmas”)
Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi

• The most important developer of the new

genre, the opera. He also did much to bring
a “modern” secular spirit into church
music. He was an Italian composer, string
player, choirmaster, and priest in the late
renaissance.
• The most famous work from hid Mantuan Period are the Opera Orfeo
(1607). Although opera had been invented in Florence around 1600,
Monteverdi’s Orfeo is the first masterpiece in that genre.
ARTIST OF BAROQUE
PERIOD
 Johann Sebastian Bach
• A German composer and musician of the
Baroque era and the most celebrated
member of a large family of north German
musicians. His instrumental compositions
are known such as Celo Suites and
Brandenburg Cencertos.
• Bach’s one of the famous work is the Brandenburg Concertos. His Brandenburg
Concertos are a collection of six, three-movement orchestral works, completed
by the composer in around 1721 for Prussian royal, the Margrave Christian
Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt.
 G e o rg e F r e d e r i c H a n d e l

• A German-British Baroque composer that well

known for his operas, oratorios, anthems,
concerti grossi and organ concertos.

• Though, Handel is working as a violinist, it was

his skill on the organ and harpsichord that began
to earn him attention and landed him more
opportunities to perform in opera.
• George Fray Handel's Messiah (1741) is one of the most famous pieces of choral music in the world,
written during the Baroque era. He composed it for modest vocal and instrumental forces with
optional settings for many of the individual numbers. When composing the celebrated Hallelujah
chorus, Handel said it was "as if I saw God on his throne and all angels around him".
NEOCLASSICI
SM
• The word neoclassicism came from the Greek word Neos meaning "New" and the Latin
word Classicus which is similar in meaning to the English phrase "First Class."

• The western movement in decorative and visual arts was called Neoclassicism. It also
applied to Literature, Theater, Music, and Architecture that were influenced by the
classical art and culture of ancient Greece and ancient Rome.

• The Neoclassicism movement coincided with the 18th century Age of Reason also
known as the Age of Enlightenment.

• Neoclassical art pieces such as PAINTING, SCULPTURE, and ARCHITECTURE

generally portrayed Roman History which elevated the Roman Heroes.
 CHARACTERISTI
CS
• Portrayal of Roman
History
• Formal Composition
• The use of diagonals to
show the peak of an
emotion or moment
• Local color
• Overall lighting
• Classic Geo-Structure
NEOCLASSICAL
PAINTING
• Neoclassical artists
embraced the ideals of order
and moderation.
• Neoclassical painters gave
great importance to the
costumes, settings and details
of classical subject-matter
.
NEOCLASSICAL
ARTIST
(PAINTING)
 JACQUES
LOUIS DAVID
• He was an influential
(1748 - 1825) French
painter inFRANCE
the Neoclassical
Style, and Considered to be the
preeminent painter of the era.
•
His Subject of paintings were more
on History.
 Napoleon Crossing The Alps
DEATH OF MARAT • The Painting showed a strongly
• The Portrayal of a revolutionary idealized view of the real crossing
Martyr. that Napoleon and his army made
• This is a painting of the across the Alps through the Great St.
murdered French revolutionary Bernard Pass in May 1800
leader Jean-Paul Marat.
 Jean Auguste Dominique
Ingres
• Born
Ingres was a pupil of Jacques Louis
on 1 780, Died on 1 867 in FranceDavid.
• He was influenced by Italian Renaissance
painters like Raphael, Nicolas Pousin,
Brotticelli, and his mentor, Jacques Louis
David. And,
• his painting were usually nudes, portraits and
mythological themes. He was Regarded as one
of he great exemplar of academic art and one of
the finest old master in his era.
 Portrait of Napoleon on the Imperial Throne
• The painting depicts Napoleon in his decent coronation
costume, seated upon his golden encrusted throne.
• The painting was believed to be commissioned by Napoleon
as King of Italy.
• The painting was owned by the Corps Legislatif which was
a part of the French Legislature.
THE APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER
• The painting was a state-commission by
Charles X (10) to have him Remembered in
the building work of the Louvre.
• The painting depicts an image of Homer,
receiving all the brilliant men of Rome,
Greece and Contemporary times.
NEOCLASSICAL
SCULPTURE
• Neoclassical sculpture is defined by its
symmetry, life-sized to monumental scale, and its
serious subject matter.

• The subjects of Neoclassical sculpture ranged

from Mythological figures to heroes of the past to
Major contemporary personages.
NEOCLASSICAL
ARTIST
(SCULPTURE)
 ANTONIO CANOVA
• Canova was a prolific italian artist and
sculptor who became famous for his
Marble sculpture that delicately rendered
nude flesh.

• He opened the idea for portraying

discrete sexual pleasures by using pure
contours with his mythological
compositions.
 PSYCHE AWAKENED
BY CUPID’S KISS
- A marble sculpture portraying the
relationship of Psyche and Cupid.
WASHINGT
• A Life-size marble statue of George Washington, done in
ONby the Italian Neoclassical
the style of a roman general,
sculptor Antonio Canova.
• This is a marble sculpture currently displayed at North
Carolina Museum of History.
 Bertel Thorvaldsen
• Thorvaldsen was the first
internationally acclaimed
Danish artist. He executed
sculptures of Mythological
and Religious themes
characters.
 CHRI LION OF
- A marble sculpture image - A sculpture of a dying lion in
ST
of resurrected Christ Lucerne,LUCERNE
Switzerland that
currently located at the commemorates the Swiss Guards
who were massacred in 1792
Thorvaldsen Museum.
during the French Revolution.
NEOCLASICA
L
ARCHITECTU
RE
• Started in the 18th and early 19th century
• Turned away from the gradeur of Rococo style and the
Late Baroque.
• Style was principally derived from the architecture of
Classical Greece and Rome and the architectural designs of
Italian architect Andrea Palladio
 Andrea Palladio (1508-
1580)
• Andrea Palladio was an Italian Renaissance
architect active in the Venetian Republic.

• Palladio's work was strongly based on the

symmetry, perspective, and values of the
formal classical temple architecture of the
Ancient Greeks and Romans.
 TYPES OF
NEOCLASSICAL
• ARCHITECTURE
TEMPLE STYLE
• PALLADIAN STYLE
• CLASSICAL BLOCK STYLE
 TEMPLE STYLE
• Temple Style building design was based on an ancient temple.

• Temple Style building feature a Peristyle ( Continuous line of column around the building),

• A rare (uncommon) feature of Renaissance Architecture

PANTHEON LA MADELEINE DE PARIS BRITISH MUSEUM

 PALLADIAN STYLE
• Building were based on Andrea Palladio’s style villa construction

• Some of the buildings feature a Balustrade which is a railing with vertical supports
along the edge of the roof.

THE PALLADIAN CHISWICK

BRIDGE HOUSE &
 CLASSICAL BLOCK STYLE
• The building features a rectangular or square plan, with a flat roof and an exterior
rich in classical detail.

• The exterior features a repeated classical pattern or series of arches and/or

columns.

Library of Sainte-Geneviève designed by Henry Labrouste

 • He designed the most famous classical block of all
which is the PALAIS GARNIER (a Neobaroque opera
house.)

CHARLES
GARNIER
Romanticism
• During the Age of Revolutions, there has been a tremendous
focus on patriotic and nationalistic movements. The major and
central themes of Romanticism movement include the
emphasis on the goodness of mankind. Artists also emphasized
emotions and feelings of man, which was a deviation from the
humanist principle of rationalism.
 Characteristics of Romanticism
• Shows the height of action • Dramatic compositions
• Emotional extremes • Heightened sensation (life and
• Celebrated nature as out of control death moments)

Romanticism Paintings
- The paintings of the Romantic Period gave more emphasis on Emotion.
Artists expressed as much feeling and passion as it could be on a canvas.
Artists of
Romantic
Period
 Artwork

The Raft of the

Medusa

CHARGING
CHASSEUR
Jean Louis Theodore Gericault
 Artwork

Liberty Leading the People

Eugene Delacroix
 Artwork

Saturn Devouring
His Son
The Third of May

Francisco Goya
 ROMANTIC PAINTING
(LANDSCAPE)
• Landscape painting depicts the physical world that surround
us and includes features such as mountains, valleys,
vegetation, and bodies of water. The sky is another important
element shaping the mood of landscape paintings.
Landscaped art ranges from highly detailed and realistic to
impressionistic, romantic and idealized.
 ROMANTIC
PA I N T I N G
(LANDSCAPE
PA I N T E R S )
 Artwork

LE REPOS SOUS LE
THE CHURCH SAULES
THEODORE NEAR BEAUVAIS
OF MARISSEL
ROUSSEAU
 Artwork

DEPARTURE OF
FRANCIOS JEAN D’ARC
THE VOLUNTEERS
RUDE
 Artwork

HERCULES THESEUS
ANTOINE LOUIS SITTING ON A SLAYING THE
BULL MINOTAUR
BARYE
Realism
• Realism is the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of
contemporary life. It rejects imaginative idealization in favor of a close observation
of outward appearance. It is in direct opposition to concerns of the unusual, the
basis of Romanticism. The term is also used to describe artworks painted in a
realistic almost photographic way.

Realism Art Style

- Realism’s purpose is to interpret the actualities of any aspect of life, free
from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. It is in direct
opposition to concerns of the unusual, the basis of Romanticism. Stresses the
real over the fantastic
 Example of Realism:

Nighthawks Christina’s World

by Edward Hopper by Andrew Wyeth