WEEK 10

ONLINE LECTURE
As the term denotes, it is the period between the decline of the
Roman Empire and the Renaissance.

Since the Church was the most important figure, the most
important products of the early Middle Ages would have to be
copied of the Christian scriptures.

The printing press came later after the Middle Ages, so copies
of the scriptures were done by hand.
Products are copied from Scriptures were done by hand
Christian scripture

Great cathedrals were also

CHURCH built.
was the Inspired by
central figure the old
Roman
and authority empire
of the period.
Characterized ROMANESQUE
by ignorance 1050-1200
and darkness
Period between
Roman empire and
the Renaissance

GOTHIC 1200-1500
Northern flavor from the
Goths—vulgar and
barbarian
• Art during the Middle Ages was different based on the location
in Europe as well as the period of time.
• However, in general, Middle Age art can be divided up into
three main periods and styles: Byzantine Art, Romanesque Art,
and Gothic Art.
• Much of the art in Europe during the Middle Ages was religious
art with Catholic subjects and themes.
• The different types of art included painting, sculpture, metal
work, engraving, stained glass windows, and manuscripts.
• The end of the Middle Ages is often signaled by a great change
in art with the start of the Renaissance Period.
 Ambrogio
Giotto di
Lorenzetti
Bondone
An Italian painter of
Italian artist from the Gothic movement,
the 13th century best he is famous for his
known for his frescoes, the Allegory
frescoes in Padua's of Good Government
Scrovegni Chapel. and the Allegory of
Bad Government.

Donatello Benvenuto di
Giuseppe
An Italian sculpture
known for his Also known as Cimabue,
statues of David, this Florentine artist
was well-known for his
Mary Magdalene,
paintings and mosaics.
and the Madonna.
• Following the Middle Ages, the Renaissance was a vigorous period of European
cultural, artistic, political, and economic "rebirth." The Renaissance, often defined as
lasting from the 14th to the 17th centuries, promoted the rediscovery of classical
philosophy, literature, and art.
• The influence of humanism shifted the focus of some artworks during the
Renaissance Period to empower the "individual."

• Most artwork emphasized NATURALISM, which was also an

influence of humanism since there was a great emphasis on
the proportionality of the human body.

• Most artworks remained religious in its focus

and themes
 Giotto inaugurated a new period in painting
by fusing religious antiquity with the nascent
concept of Renaissance Humanism. His
figures acquired an emotional intensity
hitherto unseen in great art. Giotto is well
renowned for his explorations of perspective
and pictorial space, which gave his religious
tales a fresh feeling of realism.

Giotto di Bondone
 Crucifix Celebration of
Isaac Blessing Jacob
Christmas at Greccio
(1290-1295) (1288-1289)
(1300)
 1425-27
1422 Payment of the

San Giovenale 1424-25

Tribute Money
Triptych Madonna and Child
with St Anne
 Donatello was one of the most influential
Italian artists of the 15th-century and
forerunner of the Italian Renaissance. He
pioneered new aesthetics in response to
the flourishing Renaissance Humanism
movement of the time. Donatello's
lifelike and intensely emotional works
established him as one of Italy's most
prominent artists.

Donatello
 1408-15 1415-17 1433
Saint John the Bust of Niccolo
St.
Evangelist da Uzzano
George
 Michelangelo is considered to be one of
the greatest artists of the Italian
Renaissance period even while acquiring a
reputation for being temper driven, fickle,
and difficult. He was part of the revival of
classical Greek and Roman art, yet his
unique contributions went beyond mere
mimicry of antiquity. His work was infused
with a psychological intensity and
emotional realism that had never been
Michelangelo Buonarroti seen before.
 Masaccio is considered by many to be the first
truly Renaissance painter. He adopted a rational
approach that would come to define the
Renaissance as a whole. Masaccio's life was
tragically cut short, but his exceptional
achievement impacted the trajectory of Western
art.

Massacio
 1508-12
The Creation of
Adam
1496-97 1501-04
Bacchus David
 Throughout the Italian High Renaissance, the ethos
of Humanism prevailed, in which artists were
profoundly rooted in the study of the humanities in
order to continually improve themselves as world
citizens. A person absorbed with the study and
accomplishment of such disparate hobbies would
subsequently be dubbed a "Renaissance man."
Leonardo da Vinci was the term's first prime
exemplar. Despite the fact that his extensive personal
interests resulted in his mastery of several
professions, he is largely regarded as one of the
finest painters of all time. His enduring works are still
Leonardo Da Vinci
studied and admired today.
 1498
The Last
1485 1503
Supper
The Vitruvian Mona
Man Lisa
 Raphael forged a comet's trail of painting
during the height of the Italian High
Renaissance while only being alive for 37
prolific and passionate years. His genuine
enthusiasm for life spilled out onto the
canvas, where his mastery at conveying the
Renaissance Humanist era's ideas of beauty
was astounding. He is considered an equal
member of the holy trinity of master artists of
his day, with Leonardo Da Vinci and
Raphael Michelangelo.
 1510
Disputation of the 1509-11
1504 Holy Sacrament The School of
The Marriage of Athens
the Virgin
 this techniques provided a performed during special occasions
at the courts of Italian princess
three-dimensional perspective
done in such a way that showcased grand
and lavish entertainment for the audience

Aside from the song and

dance numbers, they
interested in elaborate
have greatly influenced
their tradition of popular
theater.
School of Athens by Raphael
featured philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates
Manne rism
• The word Mannerism has been derived from
the Italian word “Maniera.” It means stylish
style or manner.
• Mannerism is also known as Late Renaissance
or Mannerism, and it is a European art style
that emerged in 1520. It is not an exact
definition, and still a subject of debate, because
this term is used for two things such as • Historians and artists differ as to
literature and music. The artwork of this art whether Mannerism is a movement, a
style is very fantastic, and shows harmonious style or a period because this term
ideals such as Madonna and Laocoön and His
remains controversial due to its use. Carl
Sons.
Jacob Christoph Burckhardt was a Swiss
historian who popularized this term in
the western world. But by the end of the
High Renaissance, many artists
experienced difficulty in the pertinence of
this art style.
 During the Renaissance
•artistwould observe
nature and try their
best to emulate it
based on their
observations
a product of the
Renaissance
As the Renaissance
Period ended

Italian word maniera – • artist

started directly
means style (stylish style) distorted figures two
dimensional spaces,
- Extreme drama discordant hues and
- Exaggerated colors, and lack of
compositions defined focal point
 A r t i s t s of
Mannerism

Born: 1 October 1541, Heraklion,
Greece
Died: 7 April 1614, Toledo, Spain
On view: Museo Nacional del Prado,
National Gallery of Art, MORE
Full name: Doménikos Theotokópoulos
Nickname: El Greco
His body of work is powerfully evocative
of the Divine and widely recognized for
expressing the spirituality that lies
behind all being. He became enthralled
by the new Mannerism, which rejected
mere reproduction of nature in art in
favor of expressing the work's underlying
psychological characteristics beyond
mythical or religious themes.

Born: 1518, Venice, Italy
Died: 31 May 1594, Republic of
Venice
Venetian school
Full name: Jacopo Comin
Standing in front of one of Tintoretto's epic works is
to be immersed in a whirlwind of activity, with
muscular figures interlaced into rhythmic patterns
of emotional anguish and dramatic conflicts. The
sceneries hover, threatening to break through the
borders between pictorial pictorial space and the
practical world. They were originally created to
embellish the enormous interiors of great halls and
expansive ceilings. Even his one-of-a-kind self-
portraits reveal the artist's soul rather than simply
displaying his style.

Born: 24 May 1494, Empoli, Italy
Died: 1 January 1557, Florence,
Italy
This artist is known for his
commercial illustration.
Full name: Jacopo da Pontormo
Pontormo was one of the most influential
Italian painters of the High Renaissance. He
rubbed shoulders with some of the greatest
artists of the time, including Michelangelo,
and found inspiration in northern European
engravings and woodcuts. Pontormo
became increasingly reclusive and unhappy
in the last decade of his life, refusing even
the company of Bronzino.
 • Reflects the tensions of
Catholic Church to re-assert
itself
• Artistic styles in exaggerated
drama and grandeur
• Larger size, dynamic
movement

ENTOMBMENT OF CHRIST
by Caravaggio DAVID
by Bernini
 ROCOCO ART
• Came from Baroque Art
• Baroque Art – power and grandeur of
Church
• Rococo Art - French word “rocaille”- means
rubber or rock, curvy patterns in decorative
arts
• Aristocratic, refined, frivolous style
• Louie XV of France, focus on life of
aristocracy
• An Italian Baroque
composers, virtuoso
violinist, teacher,
impresario and Roman
Catholic priest.
- His best-known piece was “The four Season”, it is a set of four violin
concerto composed in 1723. It is the world’s most popular and
recognized piece of Baroque music. The four violin concerto broke
new ground with their programmatic depiction of the changing
seasons and their technical innovations.
• An Italian violinist and composer known chiefly
for his influence on the development of violin
style and for his Sonatas and his 12 concerti
grossi.

• His instrumental works established the chamber

music style and form of the late baroque era.

• The trio sonatas of Opus 1 and 3 were intended

for church performance (da chiesa) with figured
bass for organ and those of Opus 2 and 4 were
chamber music (da camera) with harpsichord
and/or archlute accompaniment.
 • Corelli’s famous
work was Concerto
Grosso or
Christmas Concerto
(no.8), this concerti
grossi were not
published until the
year of his death

• This piece is commonly called the “Christmas Concerto” because it

may have been performed by Corelli on Christmas Eve, 1690. The title
page bears the inscription, Fatto per la notte di Natale (“made for the
night of Christmas”)
• The most important developer of the
new genre, the opera. He also did
much to bring a “modern” secular
spirit into church music. He was an
Italian composer, string player,
choirmaster, and priest in the late
renaissance.
• The most famous work from hid Mantuan Period are the Opera Orfeo
(1607). Although opera had been invented in Florence around 1600,
Monteverdi’s Orfeo is the first masterpiece in that genre.
ARTIST OF BAROQUE PERIOD
• A German composer and musician of
the Baroque era and the most
celebrated member of a large family
of north German musicians. His
instrumental compositions are known
such as Celo Suites and Brandenburg
Cencertos.
• Bach’s one of the famous work is the Brandenburg Concertos. His Brandenburg
Concertos are a collection of six, three-movement orchestral works, completed
by the composer in around 1721 for Prussian royal, the Margrave Christian
Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt.
• A German-British Baroque composer that
well known for his operas, oratorios,
anthems, concerti grossi and organ
concertos.

• Though, Handel is working as a violinist, it

was his skill on the organ and harpsichord
that began to earn him attention and landed
him more opportunities to perform in opera.
• George Fray Handel's Messiah (1741) is one of the most famous pieces of choral music in
the world, written during the Baroque era. He composed it for modest vocal and
instrumental forces with optional settings for many of the individual numbers. When
composing the celebrated Hallelujah chorus, Handel said it was "as if I saw God on his
throne and all angels around him".
 •It was the dominant art
Greek “neos”- new ENLIGHTENMENT movement that time
Latin “classicus”- PERIOD which basically aimed
classical to revive and rekindle
• a movement in the influences of Greek
Europe that and Roman into art and
Beginning of Modern transpired during the architecture
Art Debate late 18th and early
19th centuries Ancient Greeks and
• 1863,when there Europeans
was an emergence • placed emphasis on human reason
of modern painting and keeping society in order
exhibitions • This movement was a reaction to
the artworks produced during the
Baroque Period
clear drawing • There was a call to veer
and modeling from such extravagance in
terms of style and form of the
Baroque Period
• Portrayal of Roman
History • Neoclassical artists
• Formal Composition embraced the ideals of
• The use of diagonals to order and moderation.
show the peak of an • Neoclassical painters
emotion or moment gave great importance to
the costumes, settings
• Local color
and details of classical
• Overall lighting
subject-matter
• Classic Geo-Structure
.
• He was an influential
French painter in the
Neoclassical Style, and
Considered to be the
preeminent painter of the
era.
• His Subject of paintings were
more on History.
 • The Painting showed a strongly
• The Portrayal of a revolutionary idealized view of the real
Martyr. crossing that Napoleon and his
• This is a painting of the army made across the Alps
murdered French revolutionary through the Great St. Bernard
leader Jean-Paul Marat. Pass in May 1800
• Ingres was a pupil of Jacques Louis
David.
• He was influenced by Italian Renaissance
painters like Raphael, Nicolas Pousin,
Brotticelli, and his mentor, Jacques Louis
David. And,
• his painting were usually nudes, portraits
and mythological themes. He was
Regarded as one of he great exemplar of
academic art and one of the finest old
master in his era.
• The painting depicts Napoleon in his decent • The painting was a state-commission by
coronation costume, seated upon his golden encrusted Charles X (10) to have him
throne. Remembered in the building work of the
Louvre.
• The painting was believed to be commissioned by
Napoleon as King of Italy.
• The painting depicts an image of
• The painting was owned by the Corps Legislatif Homer, receiving all the brilliant men of
which was a part of the French Legislature. Rome, Greece and Contemporary times.
• Neoclassical sculpture is defined by its
symmetry, life-sized to monumental scale,
and its serious subject matter.

• The subjects of Neoclassical sculpture ranged

from Mythological figures to heroes of the
past to Major contemporary personages.
 ANTONIO CANOVA
• Canova was a prolific italian artist
and sculptor who became famous for
his Marble sculpture that delicately
rendered nude flesh.

• He opened the idea for portraying

discrete sexual pleasures by using
pure contours with his mythological
compositions.
 • A Life-size marble statue of George Washington,
done in the style of a roman general, by the Italian
Neoclassical sculptor Antonio Canova.
- A marble sculpture portraying
the relationship of Psyche and
• This is a marble sculpture currently displayed at
Cupid. North Carolina Museum of History.
Bertel Thorvaldsen
• Thorvaldsen was the first
internationally acclaimed
Danish artist. He executed
sculptures of Mythological
and Religious themes
characters.
- A marble sculpture image - A sculpture of a dying lion in
of resurrected Christ Lucerne, Switzerland that
currently located at the commemorates the Swiss Guards
Thorvaldsen Museum. who were massacred in 1792
during the French Revolution.
• Started in the 18th and early 19th century
• Turned away from the gradeur of Rococo style and
the Late Baroque.
• Style was principally derived from the architecture of
Classical Greece and Rome and the architectural
designs of Italian architect Andrea Palladio
 Andrea Palladio (1508-
1580)
• Andrea Palladio was an Italian
Renaissance architect active in the
Venetian Republic.

• Palladio's work was strongly based on

the symmetry, perspective, and values
of the formal classical temple
architecture of the Ancient Greeks and
Romans.
• TEMPLE STYLE
• PALLADIAN STYLE
• CLASSICAL BLOCK STYLE
 TEMPLE STYLE
• Temple Style building design was based on an ancient temple.

• Temple Style building feature a Peristyle ( Continuous line of column around the building),

• A rare (uncommon) feature of Renaissance Architecture

 PALLADIAN STYLE
• Building were based on Andrea Palladio’s style villa construction

• Some of the buildings feature a Balustrade which is a railing with vertical

supports along the edge of the roof.
CLASSICAL BLOCK STYLE
• The building features a rectangular or square plan, with a flat roof and an
exterior rich in classical detail.

• The exterior features a repeated classical pattern or series of arches

and/or columns.
• He designed the most famous classical block of all
which is the PALAIS GARNIER (a Neobaroque opera
house.)
 ROMANTICISMS Age of Revolutions
• there has been a tremendous
• highlighted focus on patriotic and
heroic elements nationalistic movements
into their work
French Revolution
• One of the major revolutions in
history
As an Art Movement • revolutionary movements
became the focal point of Major THEME
most Romantic works
• goodness of mankind

• from AGE of REASON - justice, equality, and

to social order
AGE OF EMOTION
- EMPHASIZES, emotions
and feelings of man
• During the Age of Revolutions, there has been a
tremendous focus on patriotic and nationalistic
movements. The major and central themes of
Romanticism movement include the emphasis on
the goodness of mankind. Artists also emphasized
emotions and feelings of man, which was a
deviation from the humanist principle of
rationalism.
• Shows the height of • Dramatic compositions
action • Heightened sensation
• Emotional extremes (life and death
• Celebrated nature as out moments)
of control

- The paintings of the Romantic Period gave more

emphasis on Emotion. Artists expressed as much feeling
and passion as it could be on a canvas.
Jean Louis Theodore
Gericault
Eugene Delacroix
Francisco Goya
• Landscape painting depicts the physical world
that surround us and includes features such
as mountains, valleys, vegetation, and bodies
of water. The sky is another important
element shaping the mood of landscape
paintings. Landscaped art ranges from highly
detailed and realistic to impressionistic,
romantic and idealized.
 LE REPOS SOUS LE
THE CHURCH SAULES
OF MARISSEL NEAR BEAUVAIS
 DEPARTURE OF
JEAN D’ARC
THE VOLUNTEERS
 HERCULES THESEUS
SITTING ON A SLAYING THE
BULL MINOTAUR
 • as modern movement
1. Photographic Accuracy
2. Absolute Objectivity
REALISM in art veered away from
traditional forms of art
3. Emphasis on Everyday • it revolutionized themes
and techniques in paintings
• Since artists worked within the context of
revolutions and social changes, artistic
works began to depict real-life events
focuses on the Idealistic concepts
accuracy of details and images
that depicts and • replaced by real manifestations
of society
somehow mirrors
• modern world
reality
were suitable for
subjects of art
• Realism is the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of
contemporary life. It rejects imaginative idealization in favor of a close
observation of outward appearance. It is in direct opposition to concerns of
the unusual, the basis of Romanticism. The term is also used to describe
artworks painted in a realistic almost photographic way.

- Realism’s purpose is to interpret the actualities of any aspect of

life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. It is in
direct opposition to concerns of the unusual, the basis of
Romanticism. Stresses the real over the fantastic
Example of Realism: