Chi-Square

Of Independence
REPORTERS
ARAZA, ROSELLE
2
ANN
GULFERIC, SHEILA 𝑋
LUCABAN, VENUS
WHAT IS
THE TEST
ALL ABOUT?
Chi-square represented by dancing x
symbol is used as a statistical tool in
multivariate descriptive research
problems. Chi-square test are of many
types, for instance 2x2 table, 3x2 table,
3x3 table, 3x4 table and many others.
In chi-square 2x2 table or four fold table,
discreet variables are involved to test if this
variables are independent from each other.
The variables are usually nominal. The
values are arranged in the form of a 2x2
table with two rows and two columns.
 Chi-Square is a Nonparametric
Statistical test
These test are generally applied to data that are
either of nominal or ordinal scales and whose
models do not specify conditions about the
parameters of the population from which the
sample was drawn.
 WHO IS THE
DISCOVERER/CONTRIBUTOR OF
THE TEST ?
The chi square test was first used by Karl
Pearson in 1900.
He was an English mathematician
and biostatistician. He has been credited
with establishing the discipline
of mathematical statistics.
He founded the world's first university
statistics department at University
College London in 1911, and contributed
significantly to the field of biometrics,
 meteorology, theories of social
Darwinism, and eugenics.
KARL PEARSON (27 MARCH 1857 – 27 APRIL 1936
When do we use the
test ?
The test is applied when you have
two categorical variables from a
single population. It is used to
determine whether there is a
significant association between the
two variables.
For example, in an election survey,
voters might be classified by gender
(male or female) and voting preference
(Democrat, Republican, or
Independent). We could use a chi-
square test for independence to
determine whether gender is related to
voting preference.
Why do we use the
test ?
The Chi-Square Test for
Independence evaluates the
relationship between two variables.
It is a nonparametric test that is
performed on categorical(nominal
or ordinal) data.
How do we use the test?
Steps for Chi-Square Test for Independence

1. Formulate Null and Alternative Hypotheses

2. Set the Level of Significance
3. Calculate Degrees of Freedom
4. Compute the statistics
5. Make a decision comparing the table of value and its computed value
6. State Conclusion
Where;
-Chi square
0 – Observed
Frequency
E – Expected
Frequency
Problem 1 (2x2):
Suppose the researcher wishes to conduct
the achievement Licensure Examination
Teachers (LET) or teacher’s education
with and without kindergarten. Is there a
relation between the LET results with and
without kindergarten? Use the level of
significance 0.05.
Step 1: Formulate Null and Alternative
Hypotheses

Ho. There is no relation between the LET

results with and without kindergarten
Ha.
There is a relation between the
LET results with and without
kindergarten.
Step 4: Compute the statistics Compute
the statistics
O E (O-E)

30

20

45

40
Step 2: Set the Level of Significance
0.05
Step 3: Calculate Degrees of Freedom

Degree of Freedom = (K-1) (C-1)

= (2-1) (2-1)
=1
Compute the Expected Frequency
Step 5: Make a decision comparing
the table of value and its computed
value
Since the CV (0.63)< TV (3.841)
Accept Ho and Reject Ha at O.05
significance level.
 Step 6: State Conclusion

Therefore, there is no relation

between the LET results with and
without kindergarten.
 Problem 2: 2X3

A public opinion poll surveyed a simple random

sample of 1000 voters. Respondents were classified
by gender (male or female) and by voting preference
(Republican, Democrat, or Independent. Do the
men's voting preferences differ significantly from
the women's preferences? Use a 0.01 level of
significance.
Step 1 :Formulate Hypothesis
There is no significant difference
Ho. between the voting preferences of
men and women.
Ha. There is significant difference
between the voting preferences of
men and women.
 Step 2: Level of Significance
a = 0.01
Step 3: Calculate Degrees of Freedom
Df = (k-1)(c-1)
Df = (2-1)(3-1)
Df = 2
Expected Frequency

180 180 40 400

270 270 60 600

450 450 100 1000

FEMALE
MALE
Step 5: Make a Decision
ADD THE TWO C-
VALUE SINCE THE
Computed Value = male : 9.72 MALE IS GREATER
THAN THE FEMALE
Computed Value = female: 6.5 VALUE ENABLE TO
COMPARE IT TO THE
Tabular Value = 9.210 T-VALUE

Degree of Freedom = 2 9.72+6.5=16.22

 Since The C-value > T-value ;

We reject Ho, accept Ha at 0.01

level of significance.
 Step 6. Formulation of Conclusion

Therefore, There is a significant

difference between the voting
preferences of men and women.