Week 07_English I

Review
Reading: Refrigerator
Diagram describing and comparison
by Rumondang Miranda Marsaulina
Hp: 08128970747
Institut Teknologi Del
Jl. Sisingamangaraja, Laguboti-Sitoluama
Tobasa-Sumatera Utara

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Today’s agenda
1. Vocabulary study and reading practice: Refrigerator
2. Degrees of Comparisons: Adjectives and Adverbs (exercise)
3. Comparing charts

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Reading comprehension (1)
THE HISTORY OF THE REFRIGERATOR
From ancient ice houses to today’s Internet-connected fridges – take a
tour through the history and development of the refrigerator.
https://www.materials.sandvik/en/campaigns/fridge-of-the-future/the-
history-of-the-refrigerator/

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Vocabulary and reading:
Four major elements of a refrigerator/fridge/ice box
• Condenser
Condensation changes gas to a liquid form. Its main purpose is to liquefy the refrigerant gas sucked by the compressor from the
evaporator. As condensation begins, the heat will flow from the condenser into the air, only if the condensation temperature is higher
than that of the atmosphere. The high-pressure vapour in the condenser will be cooled to become a liquid refrigerant again, this time
with a little heat. The liquid refrigerant will then flow from the condenser to a liquid line.
• Compressor
The compressor’s use is to pull the low-temperature and low-pressure vapour from the evaporator, through a suction line. Once the
vapour is drawn, it will be compressed. This will cause the vapour’s temperature to rise. Its main function is to transform a low-
temperature vapour in to a high-temperature vapour, to increase pressure. Vapour is released from the compressor into a discharge line.
• Evaporator
An evaporator is used to turn any liquid material into gas. In this process, heat is absorbed. The evaporator transfers heat from the
refrigerated space into a heat pump through a liquid refrigerant, which boils in the evaporator at a low-pressure. In achieving heat
transfer, the liquid refrigerant should be lower than the goods being cooled. After the transfer, liquid refrigerant is drawn by the
compressor from the evaporator through a suction line. Liquid refrigerant will be in vapour form upon leaving the evaporator coil.
• Expansion Valve
Commonly placed before the evaporator and at the end of the liquid line, the expansion valve is reached by the liquid refrigerant after it
has been condensed. Reducing the pressure of the refrigerant, its temperature will decrease to a level below its atmosphere. This liquid
will then be pumped into the evaporator.

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Reading comprehension (2)
• In the future, fridges will be radically different from what they are today. They’ll (They will) be smarter
and a bigger role in consumers’ lives thanks to the Internet of Things. However, what about their
design and underlying technology – will they change as well? Sandvik spoke to Electrolux to find out.
The Internet of Things has opened a whole new world to manufacturers of refrigerators. At
Electrolux’s labs in Sweden, engineers are busy exploring the possibilities that this opportunity brings.
• “The Internet of Things is going to give users more control of the fridge,” says Urban Wählby, Head of
Advanced Development Food Preservation at Electrolux.
• By “more control,” Wählby is referring to different temperate zones and a food management system
that will allow households to communicate with their beloved kitchen product. A food management
system will let consumers have an overview of what they have inside their fridge.
• “From there, you can build a replenishment system or a guide on how you make a meal of the
ingredients you have, or it tells you what foods you’re missing to make the recipe you like,” Wählby
says. “It will also allow you to find out about the nutritional content of your food or have a nutritionist
suggest what food to eat.”

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Functionality matters the most
• So, what will happen to the fridge itself? Will it be radically different from today’s boxed-
shaped product? What will be the underlying technology – will the compressor
technology be replaced by something new?
• Over the years Wählby and his team have held workshops to design the optimal fridge.
“The important thing is not the shape but the functionality of it,” he says. “In the late
1980s we created different-shaped refrigerators, but the response was not so great.
Maybe we were too advanced at the time.”
• Today, discussions focus on how to enhance the experience in the kitchen for consumers.
Recently, Electrolux in the US introduced a glass-door fridge that turns transparent when
the user is near. The next step might very well be to make the fridge look or act more like
a robot. “The discussion around robotics and a helper in the kitchen is something that’s
very central to our thinking right now,” Wählby says.

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Compressor technology will continue to reign
• When it comes to the underlying technology, Wählby says the industry expects compressor technology to continue to hold sway over the coming
decades.
• “There’s no competing technology in sight,” he says. “You have the thermal electric chip, which can be used for certain products, but this is not
as widespread as the compressor technology due to inherent technical issues. Another technology discussed is magneto caloric, which is very
interesting from the perspective that you don’t use a liquid refrigerant. Instead, very precious earth metals are used, which means this
technology is not likely going to hit the mass market.”
• Although the main technology will remain the same, Electrolux and other manufacturers are constantly challenged by new legislation to make
their products more durable and energy-efficient.
• “Every year, new energy legislation standards are put into force,” Wählby says. “In the old standards, we used to test our products in 25 degrees
Celsius. In the new standards, we test our products in 16 and 32 degrees Celsius, which introduce completely new challenges for the system.”
Further improved energy efficiency
• Today, the fridges at Electrolux are 60 percent more energy-efficient than they were ten years ago. The best products consume around 0.2 kW/h
per day. The three main technologies that have made this possible are the variable compressor speed, the insulation and the cooling system.
• “We still have the possibility to reduce the energy consumption in the next ten years by at least another 50 percent – probably even more,”
Wählby says. “This is due to the development of the cooling system, the continuous improvements of the compressors and the control of these
compressors that we have taken it upon ourselves to implement.”
Source: https://www.materials.sandvik/en/campaigns/fridge-of-the-future/shaping-the-refrigerator-of-tomorrow/

11/08/2022 Week07_Session01-rmm 7
Practice speaking
Watch this : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzGM-UbvR3A
then discuss the topic of the video with your friends
Use sentence forms and tenses you have learned in your discussion.

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Grammar focus: Remember this?

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Simple diagram presentation and comparison

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Describe a line chart/line graph

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Vocabulary for describing a line graph/line chart

Upward trend Downward trend

Other vocabulary (verb/noun) (verb/noun)
rise/a rise decrease/a decrease
increase/an increase drop/a drop
climb/a climb fall/a fall
grow/a growth decline/a decline
go up go down

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Vocabulary: Useful adjectives and adverbs to
describe changes
Adjectives Adverbs
steady, gradual, sharp, rapid, steadily, gradually, sharply, rapidly,
steep, slight, dramatic, significant, steeply, slightly, dramatically,
considerable significantly, considerably

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Vocabulary to describe time expressions

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Examples using vocabulary for a line
graph/line chart

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Exercise 1

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Answer key

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Exercise 2
Write 150-200 words to describe this line chart.

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Describe a pie chart
Structure your description into 4 simple paragraphs
Before writing
• Look for the biggest and smallest
sections of your pie charts - What
do they represent? What is the
percentage?
• Make a quick analysis – note
down the period of time, dates
and measurements.
• See the big picture and avoid
getting lost in the details.
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Describe pie charts
Focus on these topics for your pie Attend these aspects when interpreting
charts your pie charts
1. Write a summary of each chart if there is more
than one chart. Make comparisons where
relevant.
2. Avoid giving personal opinions at all costs. (E.g.
If the graph shows rising prices and you know
it’s because of a war in the Middle East, do not
say anything. Your personal opinion must not be
mentioned.)
3. Always pay attention to the time frame of your
pie charts and use the appropriate tense (past,
present or future).
4. Focus on getting all of the appropriate data from
the pie charts/graphs into your writing.

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Vocabulary for describing pie charts (1)
Use superlatives
e.g.: the biggest, the smallest, the largest, the most expensive, the least
expensive, etc. to make comparisons

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Vocabulary for describing pie charts (2)
Interpret the largest section of a pie
chart Interpret the smallest section of a pie chart

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The languages to compare two pie charts

The language of The language of Trend language

proportion comparison
per cent most/least to describe what changes
percentage largest/smallest over time
proportion more/less
amount greater/smaller
share

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Example for comparing two pie charts

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U.S. agricultural exports to Cuba totaled $300 million in FY 2014, comprising 16 per cent of Cuba’s
agricultural imports. U.S. exports included $148 million of poultry meat, making Cuba the eighth-largest
export market for U.S. poultry. U.S. soybean meal shipments were the second-largest category, totaling
$75 million in FY 2014. Together poultry and soybean meal accounted for nearly 75 per cent of all U.S.
agricultural exports to Cuba, up from just 25 per cent a decade ago. Soybeans and corn, valued at
nearly $30 million each, and feeds and fodders (including dried distillers grains), valued at $14 million,
rounded out the top five agricultural export categories. Taken together, these five categories comprised
98 percent of U.S. agricultural exports to Cuba in FY 2014.
While U.S. agricultural exports to Cuba peaked at a record $658 million in FY 2008, the significant jump
in value from the previous year was largely attributable to severe weather and high commodity prices.
In 2008, Cuba was hit by three major hurricanes and two tropical storms that caused severe crop
damage and necessitated a significant increase in imports. While high commodity prices drove U.S.
agricultural export values up substantially in FY 2008, export volumes increased by only 11 percent. As
commodity prices eased and Cuban agricultural production rebounded, U.S. exports returned to their
pre-record levels but fell further in succeeding years due to competition from other suppliers. 

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Describing a process diagram

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Structure for a process diagram (Data must be grouped
into 2 body paragraphs, no need for a conclusion)

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Model answer

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Tenses used to describe charts
No dates: use Present Tense
Dates in the Past : Past Tense
Dates in the Future: Future forms
Dates spanning both Past and Future: combine Past Tense and Future
forms

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Assignment 1 collaborative presentation by
video: Line chart or pie chart comparison
1. Make a 4 student group (mixed between EE1 and EE2 is allowed)
2. Make a 16-20 minute video presentation describing and interpreting line chart or comparing two pie charts.
You can choose figure 1 or figure 2 (Germany’s electricity demand) or figure 3 (France’s electrical need)
3. Each member must present his or her part for 4-5 minutes.
4. Structure your presentation as follows: Greeting, opening (what the graph describes/shows…/e.g. you can
paraphrase the title of the picture given, explain the description and interpretation of the figures displayed
through your line or chart, summarize the essential points using two sentences and close by thanking your
audience
5. Record your presentation using zoom as you must display the chart while explaining the figures
6. Name your video file with all student number (NIM mhsw) of all members in your presentation group
7. Submit your video to Gdrive link, please one class chief create the link.
8. The class chief please share the link (after all submit their videos) to me at latest on:
Wednesday next week by 08.00 a.m. After the deadline, I won’t download any videos from the link, and
those who fail to submit their videos by the time will be marked 0 for Assignment I in English I

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Assignment 1

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Assignment 1

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Assignment 1: extra score

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Next week
1. UTS (all materials from week 01-07)
2. Submission of your diagram/pie chart/line graph video presentation
for Assignment I

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 Thank you.

Any questions?
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References:
• IELTS Podcast.(2014-2020). Piecharts for IELTS.
https://www.ieltspodcast.com/academic-task-1/pie-chart-ielts/
• Liz. (2022). IELTS Liz. https://ieltsliz.com/ielts-writing-task-1-lessons-
and-tips/
• Shrives, C. (2022). The Degrees of Comparison. https://
www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/degree.htm

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