CEKUNGAN SEDIMEN

(Sedimentary Basin)

Reference : Allen and Allen (1990) :

Basin Analysis : Principles and Applications,
Blackwell Scientific Publications
SEDIMENTARY BASINS AND PLATE
TECTONICS
 Cekungan Sedimen

Cekungan Sedimen (Sedimentary Basin)

 Persepsi Umum (General Perception) mendefinisikan : “suatu
tempat berbentuk cekungan dimana sedimen diendapkan”.

 Genetic definition : Menurut Allen dan Allen(1990) “

Sedimentary basins are regions of prolonged subsidence of
earth’s surface”.

 Mekanisme penyebab subsidence (penurunan) berkaitan dengan proses

yang terjadi pada litosfera dimana litosfera ini terdiri atas beberapa
lempeng, maka cekungan sedimen sangat berkaitan erat dengan
pergerakan lempeng – lempeng
 Cekungan Sedimen

Klasifikasi Cekungan Sedimen

Menurut Allen dan Allen (1990) cekungan – cekungan sedimen

(sedimentary basins) telah diklasifikasikan berkaitan dengan jenis
substratum litosfera (seperti : kontinental, oceanic, atau transisi),
kedudukannya pada batas – batas lempeng (plate boundary) seperti
intra cratonic, plate margin.
 Mekanisme Pembentukan
Cekungan

Menurut Allen and Allen (1990) ada 3 faktor

utama penyebab terbentuknya cekungan:
1. Basins due to lithospheric stretching.
2. Basins generated by flexure on continental and oceanic
crust.
3. Basins associated with strike-slip deformations.
RIFT BASIN
 Mekanisme Pembentukan Cekungan

1. Basins due to lithospheric stretching:

Rifting/spreading : (Aulacogens, Passive
Margins)
Penyebab :
•thermal (high heat flows)
•negative Bouger gravity anomalies
•volcanic activities
•often associated with crustal doming.
•Tension area : cekungan pada daerah graben.
 Contoh : East Africa, Rio Grand, Baikel dan Rhine.
 Mekanisme Pembentukan Cekungan

2. Basins generated by flexure on continental and

oceanic crust.
• Continental Flexure : Collision Zones
 Gangga Basin : topographic load of Himalaya too large to
account for the deflection of India plate : Gangga basin 
opposite by topographic
 Load of Zagros Mountain in Messopotamian Plate
insufficient to made flexure of the Arabian Plate.
 Foreland Basins (Fore deep)
• Oceanic Flexure :
 Subduction Zones is responsible for the formation of deep
oceanic trench.
 The flexure of the lithosphere under the load of mid-plate
oceanic island.
E.q. The Hawaiian Archipelago
Mekanisme Pembentukan Cekungan
 Mekanisme Pembentukan Cekungan

Basins due to lithospheric stretching

RIFTING MECHANISM ?

Continental Rifting Model

 Continent

Rifting

Passive Margin

Active Margin

Island arc

Collision

Plate Tectonic conceptual model of basin evolution

 BASIN ANALYSIS
SUBSIDENCE
L DL

T A

t A

L’

T = 30 KM (CONTINENTAL) ; L’ > L ;T > t  CRUSTAL THINING

b factor (faktor penipisan crustal = T/t
 BASIN ANALYSIS
SUBSIDENCE
LISTRIC FAULT MODEL

BASIN

LISTRIC FAULT

SHEARING STRESS
 BASIN ANALYSIS
SUBSIDENCE BLOCK ROTATION MODEL

BASIN RANGE

PLANAR FAULT
BLOCK ROTATION

SHEARING STRESS
 PERKEMBANGAN
TEKTONIK
REGANGAN

1. Pembubungan

2. Litosfir mulai mem-

buka disertai
vulkanisma dan
sesar-sesar normal

3. Pembentukan
kerak baru

4. Pemekaran lantai
samudera;
pembentukan
punggung samudera
dan sesar transform
 Mekanisme Pembentukan Cekungan

• Pull – Apart Basins :

1. Overlap of side – stepping faults.

2. Slip on divergen faults segments.
3. En - echelon Fracture.
4. Coalescence of scale – dependent basins.

Basins associated with strike-slip deformations

 Mekanisme Pembentukan Cekungan

Basins associated with strike-slip deformations

 Mekanisme Pembentukan Cekungan

Basins associated with strike-slip deformations

 Mekanisme Pembentukan Cekungan

Basins associated with strike-slip deformations

 Mekanisme Pembentukan Cekungan

Basins associated with strike-slip deformations.

Contoh: Ombilin Basin (Tersier),
DEVELOPMENT OF SEDIMENTARY BASIN :
TECTONO-STRATIGRAPHY AND THE PLATE-TECTONICS
 CONCEPT OF SEDIMENTARY BASIN

• Segment of the earth’s crust where

sedimentary layers are accumulating
forming sedimentary strata relatively thicker
than its surrounding area.
TECTONO-STRATIGRAPHY:

• To arrange sedimentary strata in its tectonic

environment
• Tectono-stratigraphic sequences are separated by
unconformities which reflects a tectonic event
• The tectonics event caused a change in the tectonic
environment are e.g. rifting, sagging, collision, uplift,
etc.
• Each tectonic environment is characterized by a
certain facies association
TECTONO-STRATIGRAPHIC TERMS

• Pre-Rift
• Syn-Rift
• Post-Rift, Sag
• Passive Margin Deposition (Syn-drift?)
• Pre-Orogenic (Pre-Collision)
• Syn-Orogenic (Syn-Collision)
• Post Orogenic (Post Collision)
BASIN EVOLUTION

• Sedimentary basins evolved from one to another type

• Superimposition of various type of basin on top of the other occurs
• Sedimentary sequences of various types of basin can be analysed in
tectono-stratigraphical sequences:
EXTENSIONAL BASIN DEVELOPMENT
• Rifting ----> grabens, half graben basins ----> synrift sedimentation
• Break-up -----> aulacogene basins  deltaic sedimentation
• Drifting -----> passive margin basins  passive margin sedimentation
• Spreading (oceanic) -----> oceanic basins ----> deep marine
sedimentation
EXTENSIONAL TO COMPRESSIONAL REGIME
• Drifting -------> passive margin basin sedimentation
• Arc-Continent Collision ----> Subduction -----> back
arc, interarc and fore-arc basins
• ------->Obduction --------->foreland basins, fore
deeps
• Continent to continent collision------> Suture related
foreland and fore deep basins
TRANSVERGENCE T0
CONVERGENCE REGIME
• Rifting ------------> transtensional rift basins (graben-
half graben)
• Sagging - general subsidence initial development of
back arc basin
• Arc Continent Collision -----> subduction----> back arc
basin -----> fore arc basin
DIVERGENCE TO TRANSVERGENCE
REGIME
• Rifting -------> extensional rifT basins ----------> syn-rift
deposition
• Sagging -------> thermal subsidence -----------> marine
deposition
• Drifting -------> passive margin basins ---------> shallow
marine - shelf sedimentation
• Wrenching ------> transtensional rift basin -------> coarse
clastic sedimentaion
• Wrenching - colliding --> transpressional/ compressional
----perch foreland basin -- synorogenic and post orogenic
sedimentation
 TECTONIC INVERSION.

• During the transition from extensional to compressional tectonic

regime a tectonic inversion, often takes place
• Faults are reactivated with inversion of direction of movement
• Lower parts of the basin e.g. ‘graben’ are inverted into highs within
the sedimentary basin
• Inversion is a common feature in Tertiary sedimentary basin on the
Sunda Shelf
Plate-Tectonics Basin Classification
Evolution of
a Back-Arc
Basin Model
Evolution of
the Rift-
Drift-
Collision
Model
TECTONOSTRATIGRAPHY
TERIMA KASIH