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BUSINESS STATISTICS AND

APPLICATIONS

Recommended Text
Customised Text adapted from Microsoft Excel 365 Complete: In
Practice, 2019 edition by Nordell, Stewart, 2020

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WORKSHOP 2
Introduction to EXCEL (II)

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INTRODUCTION
Outline:

1. Formatting Cells (II)

2. Data Analysis Toolpak

3. Creating Charts using Excel

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CELL REFERENCING –
RELATIVE REFERENCE
• By default, all references are relative
• Useful and convenient when you want to repeat the same
calculation across rows and columns
• A formula with relative cell referencing when copied will change
based on the relative position of rows and columns
• E.g. If you have the formula “=A1 + B2” in cell C1, when you copy
this cell to cell C2, it will be updated to “=A2 + B3”
• If you copied the cell to cell D1, it will be updated to “=B1 + C2”
• Can you guess what will be the updated formula if the cell is copied
to cell D2? “=B2 + C3”

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CELL REFERENCING –
RELATIVE REFERENCE

In this video, we see how the relative

referencing works.

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CELL REFERENCING –
ABSOLUTE REFERENCE
• Sometimes, you want the reference to stay constant
• We use absolute referencing (by the addition of a dollar sign ($)) to
make the reference constant
• You can choose to keep the row and/or column constant

Referencing Meaning
A1 Relative reference. Both row and column will change when copied.
$A2 The column does not change when copied. Row will still change
A$2 The row does not change when copied. Column will still change
$A$2 Both row and column will not change when copied.

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CELL REFERENCING –
ABSOLUTE REFERENCE
• You can change the referencing by pressing “F4” on your
keyboard.
In this video, we will start off with using the
“F4” key on your keyboard to toggle between
absolute referencing.

And then, we will see how copying absolute

referencing works. Notice we have fixed
$B$2 while keeping A1 relative, notice when
the formula is being copied, $B$2 remains as
$B$2.

In this video, we have fixed $B2, and upon

copying, column B remains fixed but it gets
updated to $B3 (row is relative while column
is fixed)

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CELL REFERENCING – 3D
REFERENCE
• So far, what we have looked at are all cell references within the
same worksheet
• What if I need some values in another worksheet?
• Solution: 3D referencing!
• 3D referencing begins with the worksheet name followed by an
exclamation mark (!) to indicate it is from another worksheet e.g.
Menu!A1
• If you worksheet name has special characters, you will see the
worksheet name being wrapped by single quotes (‘’)
• Relative / Absolute Referencing still works here

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INSERT COLUMN
• An insert column inserts column
to the left of the current selected
column. Select the number of
columns that you want to insert.
For example, if you want to
insert 3 columns before column
E, select column E:G.
• To insert columns, you may:
• Right click, insert
• Click Insert [Home tab, cells
group]

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INSERT ROW
• An insert row inserts row above
the selected row. Select the
number of columns that you
want to insert. For example, if
you want to insert 3 rows above
row 5, select rows 5:7.
• To insert rows, you may:
• Right click, insert
• Click Insert [Home tab, cells
group]

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DELETE ROWS /
COLUMNS
• Deleting rows and columns goes the same way as inserting new
rows and columns.
• Select the rows / columns you want to delete. Instead of clicking
insert, now click delete. Upon selection,
• Right click and choose delete
• Click Delete [Home tab, cells group]

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SHORTCUT FOR INSERTING /

DELETING ROWS AND COLUMNS
• To insert rows / columns, upon selection, press “Ctrl + plus sign”
• To delete rows / columns, upon selection, press “Ctrl + minus
sign”

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ROW HEIGHT / COLUMN

WIDTH
• You can change column width or row height by dragging the
border between column and row headings as shown below:

In this video, we adjust the row height /

column width by dragging the border once
you see the resize arrow,

Notice that you can double click at the

borders to restore the row height / column
width to the height / width of the content in
the row / column (also known as autofit).

You can also adjust multiple rows / columns

at one go. Go ahead and try it!

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ROW HEIGHT / COLUMN

WIDTH
• Another way to adjust the row
height / column width is to key
in the points. You can do this
by:
• Right click on the borders
• Clicking Format [Home tab,
Cells group]

In this video, we adjust the row height /

column width by using the 2 methods.

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INSERT WORKSHEET
• Suppose you are keeping track of transactional data for Mark &
Amy’s café. You decide to split the data by months. In order to
key the data into a new worksheet, you need to insert a new
worksheet and you can do so by:
• Click the “+” sign at the bottom

• Click Insert [Home tab, cells group], then click insert sheet

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INSERT WORKSHEET
• Right click an existing tab, then click insert

Right click

• Press “Shift + F11” on your keyboard to insert a new worksheet

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DELETE WORKSHEET
• There must be at least 1 visible worksheet in all workbooks.
• To delete a worksheet
• Right click on the tab and click delete

• Click Delete [Home tab, cells group],

then click delete sheet

Right
click

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RENAME WORKSHEET
• New worksheets are names SheetN where N is the number e.g.
Sheet1, Sheet2 and so on
• You can rename the worksheets for example to the Month of the
transaction data, e.g. “March”, “February” and so on. You can do
so by:
• Double clicking on the worksheet name
• Click format [Home tab, cells group]

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CHANGE WORKSHEET
TAB COLOUR
• Sometimes you might want to be able to segmentise your tabs. For
example, you might want to colour code all income tabs in blue
while all expenses tab in red so that people can easily know where
to refer to.
• But how do we do that?
• Right click the worksheet tab and choose tab colour
• Select the tab colour from the wide range of palette

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HIDE / UNHIDE
ROWS/COLUMNS
• Sometimes a worksheet can be very large and contains data that
you do not need at the moment. However, you cannot delete these
data as you will still need them for other purposes.
• What you can do is then to hide these rows / columns so that you
focus on only what is necessary
• To hide:
• Select the rows/columns you want to hide, right click
• Choose Hide
• To know that there are hidden columns or rows, you will notice that
the headings are no longer consecutive
• To unhide:
• Select from the left of column to right of the hidden columns / select
from the top of row to the bottom of the hidden rows
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HIDE / UNHIDE
ROWS/COLUMNS
In this video, we see that you can hide adjacent / non In this video, we see how to unhide rows / columns.
adjacent rows / columns.

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FREEZE / UNFREEZE
PANES
• When you have a huge spreadsheet, you will realise once you
scroll to the right, you lose sight of the information on the left
• One way to overcome this is to freeze panes, i.e. freeze the rows
and columns such that they do not move when you scroll
• It locks rows and columns in view
• You have to first select a cell to lock the pane. The selected cell is
the top left hand corner of the moving pane. For example, if you
choose to freeze panes at cell C3, rows 1 to 2 and columns A to B
will be stationary

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FREEZE / UNFREEZE
PANES
• Select the active cell
• Click Freeze Panes [View tab,
windows group]

• To unfreeze, do the same

steps as above but choose
Unfreeze Panes instead

In this video, we want to freeze column D

and also the header row, row 3. As such, the
active cell must be at E4.

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SPLIT WORKSHEET
• Splitting a worksheet divides the worksheet into two or four panes
• You can edit in any of the panes
• The panes are split based on where the active cell is at
• A splitter bar appears and you can drag it to resize
• To split / unsplit
• Click on the cell where you want the panes to be split
• Click Split [View tab, window group] (if the window is already split,
it will unsplit)

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SPLIT WORKSHEET

In this video, we want to split at cell E10.

Notice that after dragging the splitter bars,
the same cell E10 remains as the anchor point
and the rows 10, 11, 12 and 13 appears in
several panes.

Also notice that pressing split again unsplits

the panes.

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FUNCTIONS – DATA
ANALYSIS TOOLPAK
• Previously we looked at how to install the data analysis toolpak
during the remote learning lesson. You can also use the toolpak to
get descriptive statistics

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FUNCTIONS – DATA
ANALYSIS TOOLPAK
• Click Data Analysis [Data tab, Analysis grouping]
• Choose descriptive statistics

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FUNCTIONS – DATA
ANALYSIS TOOLPAK
• Input: The range of data that you want to perform your analysis
• Grouped by: If the data is in columns, choose column, if the data is
in rows, choose row
• Labels in first row: if the data range
Selected in Input consists of the header,
Check this box
• Output Range: where you want the
Output result to be shown
• Summary statistics: Check this box to
Display the statistics
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GRAPHS – CREATING A
CHART
• Each of the data value is a data point
• Each group of data point is known as the data series
• Data for a chart is best to be adjacent without any empty rows /
columns
• You can plot charts using several methods:
• Quick Analysis Tool
After selecting the data series, scroll to the bottom of the data

Quick Analysis Tool

Suitable chart types will be
suggested here. Hence you
should expect to see different
suggestions when different data
is selected.
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GRAPHS – CREATING A
CHART
• You can plot charts using several methods:
• Insert Charts [Insert Tab, Charts grouping]

You can see

recommended charts
here or all charts.

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GRAPHS – QUICK
LAYOUT
• There are many elements of a chart that can be customized –
legend, title, axis, colours, labels etc
• A quick way will be to use the quick layout

Click on the chart

and you will see the
Chart Tools Design
tab appearing. Click
on quick layout for a
preview of preset
layouts.

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GRAPHS – CUSTOMISE
LAYOUT
• You can customize your own layout by adding chart element on
your own.
• Try exploring these on your own!

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GRAPHS – CHART STYLE

• Chart style is a set of predefined colours, display, background for
the charts. You can find this in the Chart Tools Design tab, Chart
Styles grouping.

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GRAPHS – CHART ELEMENTS

Element Description
Axes Shows what is being plotted −
A vertical axis (also known as value axis or y axis), and
A horizontal axis (also known as category axis or x axis)
Axes Titles Axis titles give the understanding of the data of what the chart is all about. Gives a
description for the values.
You cannot add axis titles to charts that do not have axes (Pie or Doughnut charts).
Chart Title Chart Title box appears above the chart by default, giving you an overview of the
chart
Chart Area Background of the chart

Data Label Displays a data series or its individual data points on the chart.

Data Table Data Tables can be displayed in line, area, column, and bar charts.

Gridlines Add gridlines to make the data easier to read

Legend Legend giving more details about the chart and its data

Trendline Graphically display the trends in data and to analyze the problems of prediction.

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GRAPHS – VARIOUS
TYPES
Types of Graph Option to select in excel
Bar chart Clustered column (Vertical columns)
Bar (Horizontal bars)
Pie Chart Pie
Line Graph Line
Histogram Histogram

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