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Konsep Dasar Epidemiologi dan

Kependudukan
Created By : Andi Pranata
BATASAN EPIDEMIOLOGI

EPI = PADA/TENTANG
DEMOS = PENDUDUK
LOGOS = ILMU
EPIDEMIOLOGI

ILMU YANG MEMPELAJARI TENTANG


FREKWENSI DAN PENYEBARAN
MASALAH KESEHATAN PADA
SEKELOMPOK MANUSIA SERTA
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG
MEMPENGARUHINYA
DEFINITION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

• “Epidemiology is concerned with the


distribution and determinants of health and
diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and
mortality in populations.
• Epidemiologic studies are applied to the
control of health problems in populations
• The unique focus of epidemiology is on the
occurrence of health and disease in the
population
• BESAR
• JUMLAH
Data Analysis

Prevalence Rate Ratio (Prevalence Ratio)

Prevalence among exposed


PRR 
Prevalence among unexposed

Prevalence Odds Ratio

Prevalence Odds E in disease


POR 
Prevalence Odds E in no disease
Prevalence ratio of disease in exposed and unexposed
Disease
Yes No

Yes
a b a
a+b
Exposure

PR =
c
No c d c+d

So a/a+b and c/c+d = probabilities of disease


and PR is ratio of two probabilities
Menghitung Prevalensi Penyakit
CHD No CHD
Cholesterol

High 100 400

Normal/
Low 50 450

100 / (100 + 400) 0.2


Prevalence Ratio = --------------------- = ---- = 2.0
50 / (50 + 450) 0.1
Hasil Perhitungan dan Interpretasi

100 / (100 + 400) 0.2


Prevalence Ratio = --------------------- = ---- = 2.0
50 / (50 + 450) 0.1

Interpretation: In this study population, the


prevalence of CHD is 2 times higher among
those with high cholesterol, compared to the
prevalence in those with normal or low
cholesterol.
= DISTRIBUSI
CIRI PENDUDUK
- TEMPAT
- WAKTU
• FREKWENSI
• PENYEBARAN
Objectives of Epidemiology

1. To identify the etiology, or cause, of a disease and its


relevant risk factors
2. To determine the extent of disease found in the community.
3. To study the natural history and prognosis of disease.
4. To evaluate both existing and newly developed preventive
and therapeutic measures and modes of health care
delivery.
5. Epidemiology can provide the foundation for developing
public policy relating to environmental problems, genetic
issues, and other social and behavioral considerations
regarding disease prevention and health promotion.
The Epidemiologic Approach to Disease and Intervention
DESKRIPTIF
- FREKWENSI
- PENYEBARAN
( WHO, WHERE, WHEN )

ANALITIK
- FAKTOR PENYEBAB
( WHO, WHERE, WHEN, WHY )
• OBJEK DAN SUBJEK MAS. KES
- PENYAKIT MENULAR
- PENYAKIT TIDAK MENULAR
- SEMUA MASALAH KESEHATAN
1. ADMINISTRASI KESEHATAN
2. PENYEBAB MASALAH
3. PERKEMBANGAN PENYAKIT
4. KEADAAN KESEHATAN
- EPIDEMI
- PANDEMI
- ENDEMI
- SPORADIK
Kejadian Penyakit dan Penyebaran

Epidemik : Peningkatan yg tidak biasa (lebih tinggi dari


yg diharapkan) dari suatu infeksi atau penyakit pada
suatu periode tertentu
Pandemik : Kejadian penyakit pada waktu yang
bersamaan meluas di banyak negara
Endemik : keberadaan suatu penyakit pada tingkat
biasa/umum dalam suatu populasi tertentu pada jangka
waktu tertentu
Sporadik : Masalah kesehatan pada wilayah tertentu
frekuensinya berubah-ubah dalam kurun waktu tertentu
Endemic is defined as the habitual presence of a
disease within a given geographic area.
Epidemic is defined as the occurrence in a
community or region of a group of illnesses of
similar nature
Pandemic refers to a worldwide epidemic.
Uses of Epidemiology

Morris, 1957
Types of Data Used in Epidemiology

Qualitative data
Quantitative data
History of epidemiology
What is health?

• The standard medical definition of health is


‘‘the absence of disease.’’
• WHO defined health as ‘‘a state of complete
physical,mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.’’
A. PEJAMU (HOST)
Segala faktor yang terdapat pada diri manusia
yang mempengaruhi timbulnya penyakit

B. BIBIT PENYAKIT (AGENT)


Substansi atau elemen yang kehadiran atau
ketidakhadirannya dapat menyebabkan
atau menggerakkan timbulnya penyakit
C. LINGKUNGAN (ENVIRONMENT)

Adalah agregat dari seluruh kondisi dan pengaruh-


pengaruh luar yang mempengaruhi kehidupan dan
perkembangan suatu organisme
HUBUNGAN PEJAMU, BIBIT PENYAKIT
DAN LINGKUNGAN

SEHAT
Incubation Period

The incubation period is defined as the interval from


receipt of infection to the time of onset of clinical
illness (the onset of recognizable symptoms).
Incubation periods of viral diseases
Interaksi Agent, Host dan Lingkungan
Factors That May Be Associated With
Increased Risk of Human Disease
1. UMUR
2. JENIS KELAMIN
3. RAS
4. STATUS PERKAWINAN
5. KEBIASAAN HIDUP
6. PEKERJAAN
7. KETURUNAN
8. MEKANISME PERTAHANAN TUBUH
UMUM
- Lini pertama : kulit, mukosa,
kuku, rambut
- Lini kedua : tonsil, hepar, lien
KHUSUS
- Cellullar : antibodi, pagositosis
- Humoral
HERD IMMUNITY ; kekebalan karena
mayoritas penduduk kebal
GOLONGAN BIOTIS
- Mikroorganisme
- Non mikroorganisme
GOLONGAN ABIOTIS
- Nutrient agent
- Chemical agent
- Phisical agent
- Mechanical agent
FISIK
NON FISIK
- Sosial
- Budaya
- Ekonomi
Hubungan Trias Epidemiologi
Terhadap Kondisi Sehat Sakit
MODES OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION
Transmisi Penyakit
Population

Population is all the inhabitants of a given country


or area considered together
Kependuduka
n
Persentase Penduduk yang Mempunyai Keluhan
dalam Sebulan Terakhir
Kesehatan
Karakteristik, 2019-2021 (BPS, 2021) Menurut
Risiko dan Kerentanan Terkait Kesehatan
Menurut Daur Hidup
Terima Kasih
References
Celentano, David; Szklo, M. (2019). Gordis
Epidemiology. Elsevier.
Friis, R. H. (2018). Epidemiology 101. Jones &
Bartlett Learning.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.06 .007
Statistika, B. P. (2019). Profil Statistik
Kesehatan.
Badan Pusat Statistik, 148.

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