Cholera

Disease
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What Is Theory X ?
Theory X is formulated on the traditional approach to human
behavior, which states that severe forms of leadership should be used
to persuade workers to achieve organizational goals
Theory X represents the carrot-and-stick assumptions on which
traditional organisations are based. Its assumptions are that:
• the average person is lazy and has a natural dislike of work;
• most people must be coerced, controlled, directed and threatened
with punishment if the organisation is to achieve its objectives;
• the average person avoids responsibility, prefers to be directed,
lacks ambition and values security most of all; and motivation
occurs only at the physiological and security levels.
Theory X represents the carrot-and-stick assumptions on which traditional
organisations are based. Its assumptions are that:
• the average person is lazy and has a natural dislike of work;
• most people must be coerced, controlled, directed and threatened with
punishment if the organisation is to achieve its objectives;
• the average person avoids responsibility, prefers to be directed, lacks
ambition and values security most of all; and motivation occurs only at the
physiological and security levels.

The central principle of Theory X is direction and control through a

centralised system of organisation and the exercise of authority. McGregor
questioned Shwhether the Theory X approach to human nature is correct. He
also questioned the relevance of management practices which are based
upon it. Assumptions based on a Theory X approach, and the use rewards and
sanctions, could result in an exploitative or authoritarian style of
management.
 What is Theory Y ?
It is a modern approach to management, emphasizing on a harmonious enterprise
between employees and corporate control. According to this theory, employee
goals and organizational goals do not contradict each other. Theory Y has a
fundamental concern for employee satisfaction
The central principle of Theory Y is the integration of individual and
organisational goals. Its assumptions are:
• for most people work is as natural as play or rest;
• people will exercise self-direction and self-control for the benefit of objectives
to which they are committed
• commitment to objectives is a function of rewards associated with their
achievement;
• given the right conditions, the average worker can learn to accept and seek
responsibility
• the capacity for creativity in solving organisational problems is distributed
widely in the population;
• the intellectual potential of the average person is only
partially utilised; and
• motivation occurs at the belongingness, esteem and self-
actualisation levels as well as at the physiological and
security levels.

McGregor implies that a Theory Y approach is the best

way to elicit co-operation from members of an
organisation. It is the task of management to create the
conditions in which individuals may satisfy their
motivational needs and in which they achieve their own
goals through meeting the goals of the organisation.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THEORY X AND
THEORY Y
 Management style
Theory X recommends for an authoritative form of management that forces employees to achieve
specific organizational goals and objectives while theory Y recommends a form of participatory
control because the goals of the company and employees do not conflict so that the need for the
company
Prevalence
Theory X was very dominant and was adopted during the 20th century when autocratic leadership styles
were favored while theory Y and its democratic leadership styles were increasingly embraced by modern
organizations

Employee Motivation
According to theory X, employees are mainly focused on financial rewards and will not work unless
they are promised money and other forms of incentives whereas, employees in theory Y are motivated
by non-financial rewards which include achievement of organizational goals among others.

Job / Responsibilities
According to theory X, employees dislike work and will avoid it while at the same time trying to avoid
other work-related responsibilities. On the other hand, theory Y has the perspective that employees are
self-motivated and they like to work while at the same time taking on work-related tasks.
Creativity
Theory X assumes that people have little capacity for creativity and innovation,
therefore, should be subjected to routine work only under theory Y, MacGregor
noted that people are innovative and creative by nature,

Supervision
Theory X assumes that workers lack self-motivation, which means that they must be
constantly monitored and supervised so that they can produce optimally while theory Y
implies that employees are self-motivated and self-controlled and thus, they should not
be observed or supervised.
Focus
According to theory X, power and authority should be centralized while at the same
time having a hierarchy or chain of command on which to base instructions; theory Y
focuses on decentralizing power and authority while encouraging greater participation
in management decision-making processes.
THANK YOU !!!