Chapter2_Part C

The Transfer Function of Linear Systems

V 2( s ) 1
V 1( s ) RCs

V 2( s )
RCs
V 1( s )
The Transfer Function of Linear Systems

V 2( s ) R 2R 1 C s  1
V 1( s ) R1

V 2( s ) R 1 C 1 s  1  R 2 C 2 s  1
V 1( s ) R 1 C 2 s
The Transfer Function of Linear Systems
The Transfer Function of Linear Systems
The Transfer Function of Linear Systems
The Transfer Function of Linear Systems
The Transfer Function of Linear Systems
Y( s ) K
X( s ) s ( Ms  B)
A  kx  A 
2
K B b  
kp  kp 
d d
kx g kp g
dx dP
g g ( x P) flow

A = area of piston

Gear Ratio = n = N1/N2

N2  L N1  m
L n  m

L n  m
The Transfer Function of Linear Systems
xo( t) y ( t)  xin( t)

Xo( s ) 2
s
Xin( s ) 2  b s  k
s  M
  M

For low frequency oscillations, where   n

Xo j  
2

Xin j  k
M

T( s ) 1
q(s ) 1
Ct s   Q S  

 R
T To  Te = temperature difference due to thermal process
Ct = thermal capacitance
Q = fluid flow rate = constant
S = specific heat of water
Rt = thermal resistance of insulation
q(s ) = rate of heat flow of heating element
The Transfer Function of Linear Systems

x r 

converts radial motion to linear motion

Block Diagram Models
Block Diagram Models
Block Diagram Models
Original Diagram Equivalent Diagram

Original Diagram Equivalent Diagram

Block Diagram Models

Original Diagram Equivalent Diagram

Original Diagram Equivalent Diagram

Block Diagram Models
Original Diagram Equivalent Diagram

Original Diagram Equivalent Diagram

Block Diagram Models
Block Diagram Models
Example 2.7
Block Diagram Models Example 2.7
Signal-Flow Graph Models

For complex systems, the block diagram method can become

difficult to complete. By using the signal-flow graph model, the
reduction procedure (used in the block diagram method) is not
necessary to determine the relationship between system
variables.
Signal-Flow Graph Models

Y1( s ) G11( s )  R1( s )  G12( s )  R2( s )

Y2( s ) G21( s )  R1( s )  G22( s )  R2( s )

Signal-Flow Graph Models

a11 x1  a12 x2  r1 x1

a21 x1  a22 x2  r2 x2
Transfer function using
Mason’s formula
Signal-Flow Graph Models
Example 2.8

Y( s ) G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 1  L 3  L 4  G 5 G 6 G 7 G 8 1  L 1  L 2

R( s ) 1  L 1  L 2  L 3  L 4  L 1 L 3  L 1 L 4  L 2 L 3  L 2 L 4
Signal-Flow Graph Models

Y( s ) P1  P2  2  P3
R( s ) 

P1 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 P2 G1 G2 G7 G6 P3 G1 G2 G3 G4 G8
 1  L1  L2  L3  L4  L5  L6  L7  L8  L5 L7  L5 L4  L3 L4

1 3 1 2 1  L5 1  G4 H4
Design Examples