PERSONAL

IDENTIFICATION
TECHNIQUES
-Dactyloscopy is the
practical application of
the science of DACTYLO
fingerprints.
-It is derived from the
SCOPY
Latin words Dactyl =
finger and Skopien – to
study or examine
Dactylography – is the scientific study of fingerprint as a
means of identification.

Dactylomancy – is the scientific study of fingerprint for

purposes of personality interpretation
.
Dermatoglyphics - is the science which deals with the
study of skin pattern. It is derived from two Greek
words, Derma which means Skin and Glype which
means Carve
 Various Conditions of the finger

• Syndactyl
-side fusion of the finger
• Polydactyl
-having more than the regular number of finger
• Ectodactyl
-born with missing finger
 Abnormal Fingerprint Development

• Macrodactyl
-Enlarged finger
• Microdactyl
-small finger
 Basic Principles of Fingerprint

Individuality (Galton)
-No two persons have the same fingerprint (based on Statistic
Probability)
Infallibility
-That fingerprint is a positive and reliable means of identification. It
cannot be easily be forged.
Constancy or permanency (Welcker)
-That the friction ridge once fully developed its arrangement will
remains the same throughout man’s life.
Fingerprints

–Is an impression design by the first joint of the

fingers and thumb on smooth surface through the
media of ink, sweat or any substance capable of
producing visibility.
 Related Sciences to the Study of Fingerprint:

•Chiroscopy
( Greek word “ Cheir” – a hand, “Skopien” –to examine) is the science which
deals with the study of the prints of the palms of the hand.

•Podoscopy
( Greek word “Podo” – the foot, and Skopien – to examine)is the science which
deals with the study of the footprints.
•Poroscopy
(Greek word “poros” – a pare, and “Skopien” – to examine) is the scientific study
of the arrangement of the sweat pores. (Edmond Locard- Father of Poroscopy)
Phalange
-is the skeletal finger covered with
friction skin. It is made up of three
bones.
Terminal phalange
the particular bone covered
with friction skin, having all the
different types of fingerprint
patterns and it is located near
the tip of the finger. Middle phalange
-the next and above the basal
done.
Basal or proximal phalange
– it is located at the
base of the finger nearest
the palm.
Friction Skin
– is an epidermal hairless skin found on
the ventral or lower surface of the hands
and feet covered with ridges and furrows.
(Also called as Papillary skin).
 RIDGES

FURROWS
 COMPONENTS OF FRICTION
SKIN
Ridge surface
a. Ridge – the elevated or hill like structure/ the black lines with
tiny white dots.
b.  Furrow – the depressed or canal like structure/ the white
space between ridges.
Sweat pores – the tiny opening/ the tiny white dots.
Sweat duct – the passage way.
Sweat glands – the producers of sweat.
 FUNDAMENTAL LAYERS OF
THE FRICTION SKIN

Epidermis – the outermost layer

a. Stratum Corneum,
b. Stratum mucosum
Dermis – the inner layer containing the blood vessel,
dermal papillae, various glands and nerves.
Ridge Formation
– (Ridges starts to form in the fingers and thumb during the 3rd to 4th
months of the fetus life.)
Dermal Papillae
- are irregular pegs composed of delicate connective tissue protruding and
forming the ridges of the skin on the fingers, palms, toes and soles of the feet.
Ridge Destruction
– destruction of the friction skin can either be temporary or permanent.
Generally temporary destruction occur when only the epidermis layer of the
friction skin has been damage, while permanent damage can be injected to
the friction skin due to damage to the dermis layer.
GENERAL RULES ON RIDGE
DESTRUCTION

Destruction of the Epidermis

– temporary, dermis – permanent damage.
Cut
– a depth of more than 1 mm will constitute
permanent scar.