Disease Management of Citrus Fruits

Table 1. Diseases of Citrus

Crop Disease Causal Organism Status
Lemon Die-back Colletotrichum Major
(Citrus gloeosporioide, Diplodia
limon) Elachi natalensis, Fusarium spp.
lebu
Gummosis Phytophthora citrophthora Major
Diplodia sp.
Canker Xanthomonas axonopodis Minor
pv. citri

Tristeza Citrus tristeza virus Major

Colombo lemon in
Norsingdi
 Table 1. Diseases of Citrus Contd….

Crop Disease Causal Organism Status

Lime Die-back Colletotrichum Major

(Citrus gloeosporioide,
aurantifolia) Diplodia natalensis,
Kagozi lebu Fusarium spp.
Gummosis Phytophthora Minor
citrophthora
Canker Xanthomonas Major
axonopodis pv. citri
Scab Elsinoe fawcettii Minor
Anthracnose Colletotrichum Minor
gloeosporioide
Sooty mold Capnodium citricola Minor
Table 1. Diseases of Citrus Contd….

Crop Disease Causal Organism Status

Pummelo Gummosis Phytophthora Major
(C. maxima) citrophthora
Batabi lebu
Die-back Colletotrichum Major
gloeosporioide, Diplodia
natalensis, Fusarium
spp.
Anthrac- Colletotrichum Minor
nose gloeosporioide

BARI Batabilebu-3 Sooty Capnodium citricola Minor

mold
Table 1. Diseases of Citrus Contd….

Crop Disease Causal Organism Status

Sweet orange Die-back Colletotrichum Major
(Citrus sinensis) gloeosporioide,
Malta Diplodia natalensis,
Fusarium spp.

Gummosis Phytophthora Minor

citrophthora
Sooty mold Capnodium citricola Minor

Canker Xanthomonas Major

axonopodis pv.citri
Greening Candidatus Major
BARI Malta-1 Liberibacter asiaticus
 Table 1. Diseases of Citrus Contd….

Crop Disease Causal Organism Status

Mandrin (Citrus Die -back Colletotrichum gloeosporioide, Major
reticulata) Diplodia natalensis, Fusarium
KamolBARI spp.
Kamala-1 Gummosis Phytophthora citrophthora Minor
a Canker Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Minor
Blue/Green Penicillium sp. Minor
mold
Pink disease Botrybasidium salmonicolor Minor
BARI Greening Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Minor
Kamala-1 Scab Elsinoe fawcetii Minor
Damping-off Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani Minor
Foam disease Unknown Minor
Tristeza Citrus tristeza virus Major
Psorosis Citrus psorosis virus Minor
BARI Nematode Tylenchus semepenitrans, Minor
Kamala-2
Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus
similes
 Contd….
Table 1. Diseases of Citrus

Crop Disease Causal Organism Status

Citron(C. Canker Xanthomonas axonopodis Major
pennivesicul pv. citri
ata)
Die-back Colletotrichum Major
Jara lebu/
gloeosporioide,
Diplodia natalensis,
Fusarium spp.
Scab Elsinoe fawcetii Major
Greening Candidatus Liberibacter Minor
asiaticus
Gummosis Phytophthora citrophthora Major

Pink disease Botrybasidium salmonicolor Minor

 Survey team

Survey was conducted in Shibpur, Narshingdi;

Balaier Char, Sherpur and HRC fruit field,
Gazipur
 Some picture of Diseases of citrus

Gummosis Scab

Die-back Greening Canker

 Table 2. Incidence of various diseases on citrus

Location Name of Age of Infection (%)

crops plants Scab Canker Die- Sooty Gummosis
(Years) back mold

Joydebpur Malta 2 - 5 - - 5
Kamala 2 - 4 - - -
Lemon 5-7 5 10 10 - 10

Balaier Lemon 4-5 8 15 20 10 30

Char,
Sherpur
Shibpur, Lemon 5-10 10 15 30 20 70
Narsingdi
 Conclusion
 Among the diseases gummosis was identified
the major problem in citrus.
 Regardless plant age, citrus canker disease
was identified, though the incidence was not
higher (5-15%).
 Older plants were more affected by
gummosis, scab and die back diseases.
 Conclusion
 The highest gummosis disease incidence was
recorded in Shibpur, Narsingdi (70%) followed by
Sherpur (30%). Though it was lower (5-10%) in
Joydebpur, Gazipur.
 The range of die-back disease incidence was 10-
30% and scab 5-10% varied from area to area.
 Shooty mold disease incidence was 10% in
Sherpur and 20% in Shibpur, Norshindi.
 Disease is characterized by dying back of
mature twigs.
 Branches appear sickly, turn yellowish, shed
their leaves and die-back.
 Pathogen overwinters on dead twigs.
 Poor soil nutrition and alkaline in nature
increase disease severity.
 Avoid alkaline soils
 Prune the affected twigs regularly and
apply Bordeaux paste (-------------)
 Spray Bavistin (0.1%) when necessary
Gummosis Disease of Citrus

Pummelo Kamala
 Gummosis Disease of Citrus
 Water-soaked large patches appear on the basal
portion of the stem.
 The patches turn brown and the bark may split,
through which gum-like ooze exudes.
 The bark in the later stages turns black with deep
cracks.
 The pathogen is soil-dweller and established
inside the bark first and then moves to the
cambium.
 Disease may spread through irrigation water for
new infection.
Mr. Samir Bandali
Pathogen: Diplodia sp.
vµvšÍ RvqMv †P‡P †d‡j †ev‡`©v‡có jvMv‡bv
Gummosis Disease of Citrus

Control measures
Preventive:
Infected nursery should be avoided.
Resistant rootstock & high grafting.
Dusting the wall and bottom of pit with a
mixture of Zn: Cu: lime (5:1:4).
Adequate drainage, irrigation cannot come in
direct contact with stem.
Painting of trunk with Bordeaux paste once a
year before rain.
Gummosis Disease of Citrus
Control measures
Curative:

Scrap disease portion without injuring

wood up to 1cm beyond the wound.
The cut surface is disinfected with 1%
potassium permanganate solution and
covered with Bordeaux paste or Coaltar.
Citrus Canker Disease
Citrus Canker Disease

Canker
 Citrus Canker Disease
 The pathogen infects leaves, twigs, petioles,
branches, fruit stalks fruits etc.
 Lesion appears as yellowish spot.
 Characteristic yellow halo surrounding the
pustules is found on leaves but not on fruits.
 Lesion on fruits becomes rough and corky.
 High relative humidity and presence of moisture
with a temperature (20-35ºC) favours the disease
development.
 Citrus leaf minor (Phylocnistis citrella) and rain
splash spread the disease.
 Citrus Canker Disease

 Eradication & burning the infected plant

parts.
 Spraying of Bordeaux mixture
 Spraying of neem cake solution 10- 15%
may reduce the infection.
 Control of leaf miner
 Irregular, corky spots appear on leaves,
twigs and fruits. Spots are often found on
the lower surface.
 Warty growth of fruits is surrounded by
chlorotic haloes.
 Spots are coalesced and corky growth is
found.
 Due to scab on fruits market value of citrus
fruits reduced drastically.
Collect diseased plant parts & destroy
Apply Bordeaux mixture or Cupravit
during winter
 Root rot Disease

Control measures
 Avoid excess moisture
 Removal of infested root
Apply of Bordeaux paste in the tree
basin
 Foam disease of Citrus

Nitidulid beetle
Control measures
 Avoid excess moisture
 Removal of infested bark
 Apply of Bordeaux paste in the infested stem
 Control Nitidulid beetle by spraying symbush
Lichen Phytophthora
MandarinTree
Sooty mould on citrus tree
Greening Disease
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus

MÖxwbs
†ivM
Greening Disease

 Greening was first reported as mycoplasma disease and

was named Spiroplasma citri.
 Recently, it reported that the causal agent is bacterial
origin.
 Interveinal area shows diffuse yellowing but in the
advance stages of disease development the whole leaf
turns yellow.
 Leaves become dwarfed, leaf blade is thickened and
upright growth of leaves occurred.
 Defoliation and die-back are often found.
Greening Disease

 There are two types of strains, one is Asian form that

produces symptom in either warm climate (27-32ºC)
and is classified as heat tolerant.
 The South African strain of Greening produces
symptom at cool temperature (22-24ºC).
 Asian form spread by Asian psilla (Diaphorina citri)
while African form by psillid (Triozae erytreae) by
persistant manner.
Non-cultivable
Sub-microscopic walled prokaryote
Rod shaped
Multiply by budding
 is a sieve tube dweller
 Vectors
Psyllids
Asian- Diaphorina citri
African- Trioza erytreae

Propagation: Jasmine orange

Vector
 Quarantine measure
 Use of pathogen –free stock
 Rouging abnormal trees
 Control insects
 Eradicate alternate hosts
 Erythricium salmonicolor
Pink disease primarily affects citrus limbs and trunks.
 During humid or wet conditions E. salmonicolor forms
a white-pink-grey coloured encrusting hyphal mass,
which can spread rapidly along limbs.
?
Citrus nematodes
Sedentary nematode: Tylenchus semipenetrans
Lesion nematode: Pratylenchus sp.
Burrowing nematode: Radopholus similis
Citrus Tristeza Virus
Vector (Citrus aphid)
 Symptoms

-treeslooks sickly & chlorotic

-dieback symptom
-blossom heavily
-small sized fruits
-phloem necrosis in roots & stem
-chromatic cells in xylem & phloem
 Transmission

-Mechanically
-Insect
-Budding
-Dodder
 Control

Tolerant root stocks

-Rough lemon
-Rangpur lime
-Sweet orange
-Mandarin group
 Quarantine measure
 Use of pathogen –free stock
 Rouging abnormal trees
 Control insects
 Use mild strains of CTV