UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING

UNIT-1
Bachelor of Science (Computer Science)
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(21SCT212)

DBMS OVER FILE PROCESSING SYSTEMS DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 Agenda

1. Manual File System

2. File Based Approach
3. Limitations of File Based Approach
 Manual File System

Database is not a new concept, it has been used as a record keeping system for managing
the data manually when the use of computer was not common.

A manual file system is traditionally composed of a collection of file/folders. These

Files/Folders were properly labeled and kept in a file cabinet.

Whenever an employee in the organization needed some information, he would search for
specific file/ folder serially starting from the first entry.
 Traditional Approach to Data
Management
File System Approach:
• File based systems were an early attempt to computerize the manual system.
• In this system, instead of centralized store of organization’s data, a decentralized
approach was taken where each department store and controlled its own data with the
assistance of data processing (DP) specialist.
• The main role of DP was to create the necessary computerized file structures, manage the
data within those structures and design the application programs that produced reports
based on the file data.

• These systems stored groups of records in separate file and so they were called file
processing system.
 Poll Questions:

• Which of the following is not true for the traditional approach to information processing?

A. There is common sharing of data among the various applications

B. It is file oriented

C. Programs are dependent on the files

D. it is inflexible
Traditional File Processing System
 Limitations of File Based Approach
Limitation of File System Approach:  
1) Data redundancy
In computer system many files are likely in the different formats and the programs are
written in different programming languages. Moreover, the same information may be
duplicated in several files, this duplication of data is known as data redundancy.

2) Data inconsistency
In this system, data is not consistent. If a data item is changed the all the files containing
that data item need to be changed and updated properly. If all the files are not updated
properly there may be high risk of inconsistency
 Poll Question:

• If a piece of data is stored in two places in the database, then

a) Storage space is wasted

b) Changing the data in one spot will cause data inconsistency
c) In can be more easily accessed
d) Storage space is wasted & Changing the data in one spot will cause data inconsistency
 Limitations of File Based Approach
3) Data isolation
Because data are scattered in various files and files may be in different formats, writing
new applications program to retrieve the appropriate data is difficult.
4) Integrity problem
Database must satisfy a particular consistency constraint. These constraints are added in
application program.
5) Poor data security
     All the files are stored in the flat form or text files. These files can be easily located and
trapped because file approach, has no data security.
 Limitations of File Based Approach

6) Concurrent access anomalies

If two programs run concurrently it is important to has supervision. But supervision is
difficult to provide because data is decentralised in file processing system. In such an
environment, interaction updates may result in inconsistent data.
 Poll Question
Disadvantages of File systems to store data is:
A.) Data isolation
B.) Data redundancy and inconsistency
C.) Difficulty in accessing data
D.) All options are correct
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 REFERENCES

https://www.guru99.com/introduction-to-database-sql.html

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_intro.asp

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/dbms/index.htm
 REFERENCE BOOKS

Fundamentals of Database Systems by R. Elmasri and S.B. Navathe, 3rd Edition,

Pearson Education, New Delhi.
An Introduction to Database Systems by C.J. Date, 7th Edition, Pearson Education, New
Delhi.
THANK YOU