AYUSHI |STUDIO3A|

EVOLUTION OF HUZAIFA
AMAN
2021-2022

PLANNING DIVYANSHU
VARUN
FOAPD, INTEGRAL
UNIVERSITY,LUCKNOW
CONTENTS
ANCIENT EARLY CAVE AND HUT SETTLEMENTS
MESOPOTAMIAN
JERICHO
ANCIENT ROMAN AND GREECE SETTLEMENTS
EARLY CAVE AND HUT SETTLEMENTS
 Indian sites of Paleolithic age [ Middle ]
Site Location

• Nevasa • Maharastra
• Bhimbetaka • Madhya Pradesh
• Bagor, Karmalley Valley , Didwana • Rajasthan
• Singbhum • Jharkhand
• Narmada Valley • Madhya Pradesh

Indian sites of Paleolithic age [ Lower ]

Site Location

• Belan Valley • Madhya Pradesh & Uttar Pradesh

•Bhimbetaka , Jogdaha • Madhya Pradesh
• Bagor, Budha Pushkar • Rajasthan
• Patne , Nandipalle • Maharashtra
• Renugunta , Karnool Caves • Andhra Pradesh
•Singbhum • Jharkhand
 2. Mesolithic age

• Second period in the human history

• It was from 10000 B.C. to 6000 B.C.
• Developed needles and thread for making animal skin clothes
• They began to migrate from Africa to other parts of the world.

• They used microliths.

• Microliths are very small in size and their lengths range
from 1 to 8 cm. 
• Backed blade, core, point, triangle, lunate and trapeze
• Tools were combined with the other tools and were
refined for hunting
 
Sewing Needles
 Tools used in Mesolithic Age

• Ivory Needle • Core • Blade

• Chisel
• Knives
• Dagger
 Indian sites of Mesolithic age

Site Location
• Gouri Gundam • Andhra Pradesh
• Langhnaj • Gujarat
• Tilwara, Bagor • Rajasthan
• Patne ,Hatkhambe • Maharashtra
• Damdama, Chopani Mando ,Mohrana • Uttar Pradesh
Pahra • Madhya Pradesh
• Panchmarhi , Bhimbetaka, Adamgarh • Karnataka
• Sangana kallu • Uttar Pradesh
 Neolithic Age

• Developed farming [domesticated plants]

• Domesticated animals
• Used advanced tools of stone , wood, and animal bone

• Sharpened tools by polishing and grinding

• Lived in permanent settlements
• Made pottery and developed weaving skills
 Tools used in Neolithic age

• Harpoon

• Polished Axes • Blade

• Ringstone
• Sickle
• Arrowhead
 Indian Sites of Neolithic age

Site Location

• Burzahom , Gufkaral • Kashmir

• Chopani , Mahagarha • Uttar Pradesh
• Chechar • Bihar
• Brahmagiri , Tekkalkota , Sanganakallu, • Karnataka
Narsipur , Hallur, Kupgal, Kodekal
•Utnur ,Piklihal •Andhra Pradesh
• Poyampali • Tamil Nadu
MESOPOTAMIA
 INTRODUCTION
Mesopotamian civilizations formed on the banks of
the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is today Iraq
and Kuwait.

Alluvial soil plain between 2 rivers Mesopotamia – In

Greek mesos = middle, potamos = rivers ,Northern part
is known as Akkad and south as Sumer .

Mesopotamia does not refer to any particular

civilization- Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and
Assyrians.
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/ancient-
https://www.slideshare.net/Iyer21/mesopotamian-civilization-and-architecture
mesopotamia/a/mesopotamia-article
GEOGRAPHY AND
CLIMATE
Little rainfall

Mostly dry desert climate, except in the region

between 2 rivers

The rivers flood every year and leave behind a

thick bed of silt It is termed as the Fertile
Crescent – dense network of cities and villages,
grain- bearing valleys
GEOGRAPHY AND
CLIMATE

windstorms leaving muddy river valleys in winter.


catastrophic flooding of the rivers in spring


Arid soil containing little minerals


No stone or timber resources
 GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY

  12 independent city states. E.g. Ur, Uruk, Babylon, Akad.


Shared a common language, customs and beliefs yet, were
in constant warfare for water rights, land and power.


Divine kingship - most kings were thought to be chosen by
god, be a son of a god, or be a god himself.

https://www.slideshare.net/Iyer21/mesopotamian-civilization-and-architecture -civilization
https://www.slideshare.net/fatinnazihahaziz/c7-mesopotamian
GOVERNMENT AND
SOCIETY

  Complex social system – Existence of Social classes Kings and
Priests were on top .

2150 BCE – Akkadian dynasty was overthrown; Sumerian

kingdom established .

The realm of Kings of Ur was established Social System –

Akkadian Period.
CITY PLANNING

 Cities were located on river banks and surrounded by their
countryside with irrigation agriculture.


Daily travel distances from city to countryside did not exceed 3-4
km for maximum agricultural productivity


Location near rivers in order to control waterway

https://www.slideshare.net/hamzaaaaaah/mesopotamia-30765289
CITY PLANNING

Massive size compared to previous settlements Complex central
administration ,there were space devoted to gardens, grazing land, etc.


New urban form citadel with closely-linked temple palace unit,
separated from rest of town by height or walls.


Mesopotamian tradition of seeing universe as square,
reflected in ground plans.
CITY PLANNING

City divided into three main parts :

•The sacred area- temple tower or ziggurat dedicated to the patron

god of the city-smaller temples dedicated to other gods
• The walled city on a mound
• The outer town


People lived in the walled city and the outer town areas, houses
built along the streets, each house had a central courtyard with
rooms around it.

https://www.slideshare.net/hamzaaaaaah/mesopotamia-30765289
CITY OF UR ( FEATURES OF CITY
AND BUILDING MATERIALS)
FEATURES OF CITY :
i. Courtyard houses
ii. Ziggurats
iii. Mud plaster
iv. adobe construction
MATERIALS USED:
i. Earth plaster. (residences)
ii. Lime plaster . (temples)
iii. Terrazzo used as flooring
iv. Terracotta panels used for decoration .
CITY OF UR
Ur, the capital city of ancient region of Sumer (now south- eastern Iraq) stood on the Euphrates river near the
Persian gulf.
It was the commercial centre and port, from about 3500- 1850 BCE
Between 3000- 2000 BCE, Ur served as the capital of the 3 major ruling families.
CITY OF UR
 The city of Ur was oval in shape, with
Euphrates flowing along its side

Partly planned, partly organic .

Harbours on north and west sides – Temple

complex was between them and formed the
focal point in the city .

Surrounding walls to protect.

CITY OF UR
The sacred complex had a rectilinear layout and was
in the north- west to catch the breeze .
The city was surrounded by cultivated fields and
villages outside the walls
The two monumental centers were the Ziggurat
complex with its own defensive wall, overseen by a
powerful priesthood, and Palace of the king.
CITY OF UR
Lesser temples were sprinkled here and
there within the rest of the urban fabric.
Small shops were at times incorporated into
the houses.
In the later Sumerian period at Ur, an
example of a bazaar was found. Ur, the capital
city of Mesopotamia.
CITY OF UR (STREETS)
Hierarchy of Streets - Main wide boulevards ;
narrow, twisting alleys
Poorer folk lived at the back ,along narrow
lanes and alleys.
Streets varied from narrow lanes to 2-3 m
wide .
CITY OF UR (STREETS)
Streets were used as passageways and also
to dump garbage .
 Accumulation of garbage led to an increase
in the elevation of the street – door threshold
had to be raised .
The processional road leading to the sacred
temple precinct was the only planned
passageway.
CITY OF UR (RESIDENCES)
 Houses were built of sun-baked mud bricks.
Roofs were made of mud layered on mats
which were placed on wooden rafters .
 Better houses – baked brick foundation
walls
CITY OF UR (RESIDENCES)
Houses had rooms organized around small
courtyards
Windows were rare
Once walled the land became precious, and the high
value of private property kept public space to a
minimum. Ample squares or public gardens were very
rare.
GREEK AND
ROMAN
 GREEK
LOCATION
CIVILISATION
GREEK CIVILIZATION OCCURRED IN THE AREA
AROUND THE GREEK MAINLAND, ON A
PENINSULA THAT EXTENDS INTO THE
MEDITERRANEAN SEA.

FOUR PERIODS OF GREEK

HISTORY
1100 B. C. – 750 B. C. Greek Dark Ages
750 B. C. – 490 B. C. Archaic Period
Parthenon during night.
5000 B. C. – 323 B. C. Classical Period
323 B. C. – 147 B. C. Hellenistic Period
SITE AND CULTURE
1) No floods

2) Abundant and diverse resources:

Fish, grain, grapes, olives, chestnuts, figs.

3) Many isolated valleys and islands (natural barriers)

4) Sea Isolation meant greater security, so power took a

less aggressive form both externally and internally.

Geographical Map of Greece

CITY PLANNING
OLD NEW

Old cities such as Athens had New cities, especially colonial cities
irregular street plans reflecting established during the Hellenistic
their gradual organic development. period, had a grid-iron street plan.

City plan in earlier times City plan during hellenistic times

CITY PLANNING
1) Towns had fixed boundaries and some were
protected by fortifications.
2) Much of the town was devoted to public use.
3) The Greek City was usually divided into three parts;
The acropolis, The agora and The town.
4) Site planning and design was centered on the
appreciation of buildings from the outside.
5) The location of buildings was therefore such that it
could command a good view to it.

Orthogonal Planning
ACROPOLIS
The acropolis in Athens was a religious precinct located on one
of the hills of the city.

The artist and architects to build a new city of temples to glorify

the gods.

The acropolis combined Doric orders and ionic orders in a

perfect composition in four buildings; the Propylea, the
Parthenon, the Erechtheumn, and the temple of Nike.

The Earliest versions of the Buildings in the Acropolis existed

until 480 BC and was rebuilt in 450 BC
Ruins of the Acropolis

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/mathewsdijo/greece-37593212
ACROPOLIS
AGORA
The Agora was the most important gathering place in a Greek
city.

It started as an open area where the council of the city met to

take decisions.
With time buildings were constructed to define and enclose the
space.
It also transformed into a place for combined social, commercial
and political activities.
It emerged as the heart of Greek intellectual life and discourse.

Remains of The Agora

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/mathewsdijo/greece-37593212
HIPPODAMUS
Hippodamus helped to design the new harbor town of Piraeus, which
served as a commercial port for Athens further inland.

Hippodamus first applied to his home city the grid plan which he had
developed on inspiration from geometrically designed settlements, and
that later many cities were laid out according to this plan.

Miletus, which is a fine example of the grid plan, comprises houses on

blocks created by streets and side streets crossing at right angles, with
public buildings in the city centre.

HIPPODAMUS

Source:http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/Technology/en/CityPlan.html
 ROMAN CIVILIZATION

THE FOUNDATION CEREMONY OF NEW ROMAN TOWNS

ORIGINATED IN ETRUSCAN TIMES GREEK & ETRUSCAN TOWN
PLANS WERE INFLUENTIAL IN EVOLUTION OF ROMAN TOWN
PLANS.

THIS TYPE OF TOWN PLAN INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT

OF ROMAN TOWN PLANNING, WHICH USED A SIMILAR GRID
PATTERN OF STREETS.

BUT HAD TWO MAJOR STREETS INTERSECTING AT RIGHT

ANGLES TO PROVIDE A CROSSROADS AS A FOCAL POINT IN THE
TOWN CENTER. Painting depicting Roman meeting
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
1) ROMAN COLONIAL OR CAMP PLANS WERE ESPECIALLY
DEVELOPED FOR THE MILLITARY ENGINEERS.

2) SUCH PLANS HAD NECESSARILY TO BE SIMPLE TO SET OUT &

THE BUILDING BLOCKS EASY TO MEASURE.

3) IN THIS CASE THE GRIDIRON PLAN PROVED TO BE

SUCCESSFUL.

4)ROMAN PLAN WAS LIKE CHESS BOARD SYSTEM HAVING THE ROMAN AMPITHEATRE
PRINCIPAL STREETS ROUNDING ACROSSS THE LENGTH.
ROMAN CITY PLAN
FORUM
THE FOCAL POINT OF THE CITY WAS ITS FORUM.
AN OPEN AREA BORDERED BY COLONNADES WITH SHOPS.
FUNCTIONED AS THE CHIEF MEETING PLACE OF THE TOWN. USUALLY SITUATED IN THE CENTRE OF THE CITY.

Ruins of The Forum

BASILICA
A ROOFED HALL WITH A WIDE CENTRAL AREA FLANKED BY SIDE AISLES,

OFTEN HAD TWO OR MORE STOREYS.

TRANSACTIONS AND LEGAL PROCEEDINGS TOOK PLACE IN THE BASILICA.

Ruins of The Basilica

BATHS
THE PUBLIC BATH OCCUPIED AN IMPORTANT PLACE IN SOCIAL LIFE OF ROMANS. SOME OF THE HOUSES
WERE EQUIPPED WITH BATHING FACILITIES. CONSTRUCTION WAS OF STONE, BRICK, WOOD & WINDOW
GLASS.

THE ROMAN BATHS

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/nitinshivhare39/roman-town-planning
AQUEDUCTS
ROMANS DEVELOPED WATER SUPPLY & DISTRIBUTION, DRAINAGE SYSTEM & METHOD OF HEATING WHICH
ARE DIRECTLY RELATED TO MANS HEALTH.
THEY CONSTRUCTED GREAT AQUEDUCTS FOR TRANSPORTATION THROUGH WATER & UNDERGROUND
SEVERS

PONT DU GARD
TOWN FORTIFICATION

MOST NEWLY FOUNDED COLONIES WERE PROVIDED WITH

DEFENSES, USUALLY CONSISTING OF A WALL WITH
DEFENDABLE GATEWAYS.

HOWEVER, IMPRESSIVE MASONRY WALLS PROVIDED THE

COLONY WITH ENHANCED STATUS, REPRESENTING THE
POWER OF ROME.

WALLS VARIED IN PLAN AND CONSTRUCTION FROM TOWN TO

TOWN BUT WERE USUALLY BUILT AS FREE-STANDING
MASONRY WALLS WITH A CAREFULLY FINISHED FACING OF RUINS OF THE FORTIFICATIONS
SMALL BLOCKWORK.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.slideshare.net/mathewsdijo/greece-37593212
http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/Technology/en/CityPlan.html
https://www.slideshare.net/nitinshivhare39/roman-town-planning