GAWAIN.

May isang amang namumuhay ng malayo sa

kanyang pamilya at dalawang buwan ng
dumaranas ng koma at nabubuhay lamang sa
tulong ng mga kagamitang medical. Tinapat
ng mga manggagamot ang kanyang kaibigan
na sa sandaling tanggalin ang mga aparato ay
ikamamatay ng pasyente. Kaya’t sila ay dapat
mamimili kung aalisin ang mga aparato o
manatiling nakakabit ang mgakagamitang
medikal. Sa gayong kalagayan, dumating ang
kapatid ng pasyente upang magpahintulot sa
gagawin ng mga duktor. Subalit habang
kinakausap ng kapatid ang pasyente ay
napansin na bumubuti ang kanyang
kalagayan. Habang lumipas ang araw unti-
unting nagpakita ng maayos na kondisyon
ang pasyente. Hindi ito maipaliwanag
maging ng mga manggagamot. Sinabi ng
mga kaibigan na tinugon ang panalangin at
nagkaroon ng himala. Ngunit ng mga
duktor na nakabuti and medikasyon sa
pasyente. Ngayon, magaling na ang lalaki at
normal na ang kanyang kondisyon
ANO
SA PALAGAY NINYO ANG
NANGYARI.?
 Recap:

Domains of Truth
1.Scientific / Objective
domain
2.Social domain
3.Personal domain
1. Scientific /
Objective domain
Truths are tested against
empirical evidence
( verifiable by observation or experience )
e.g Acceleration of a free
falling body (9.8m/s2)
2. Social domain
truths are tested against their
acceptability to a particular group
in a particular time in history.
e.g. chapel: prayer & meditation
basketball game: cheering
3. Personal domain
Truths are tested against the
consistency and authenticity of a
person who claims it.
e.g. If someone says “I love you”
it should be tested by time.
Question:

KNOWLEDGE = TRUTH?
Do you agree?
Not all Knowledge is equal
to truth?
Do you think the first
comment is truthful?
The truths in the social domain
are mostly product of an
agreement in the society that
has been established accepted
over time.
How about this 2nd comment
is it truthful? Or just an
opinion?
What is an opinion?

-It is a statement of judgment

of a person about something
in the world.
-in need of further justification
Statement - declaration of facts or
views. (pahayag)
Justification - action of showing
something to be reasonable.
( katwiran, mapatotohanan).
Judgment – ability to make
conclusion. (paghatol)
Distinguish opinion from truth
1. It takes me 30 minutes to
walk from my home to
school.
2. Living near the school is
better because we don’t have
to spend much for
transportation.
Distinguish opinion from truth
3. My sister ate the last pizza
pie.
4. My sister is selfish because
she ate the last pizza piece of
pizza pie and did not share it
with me.
Distinguish opinion from truth
5. The policeman firmly pushed
the suspect to his knees and
placed him in handycuffs.
6. The aggressive manner by
which the policeman arrested the
suspect is an example of brutality
that characterizes our police force.
Distinguish opinion from truth
7. The official motto of police
academy is “To protect and to
serve”
8. The giant Pacific
octopus has three hearts, nine
brains and blue blood.
Distinguish opinion from truth
9. The town of Calabanga is
the best municipality in
Camarines Sur during summer.
10. I am a thinking person!
For opinion to gain the status
of truth, it should pass the
test of justification. Whoever
makes an opinion must be
able to argue It in most
reasonable way.
Argument is a group of statements that serve to
support a conclusion
Example:
 “There is no hope in the Philippine
government because many officials are
corrupt and Filipino voters continue to elect
them.”
Claim (conclusion of the argument)
Premises ( reason to support the conclusion)
 
Fallacy- fake arguments or faulty reasoning.
KINDS OF FALLACIES
1. Argumentum Ad Hominem
(Argument against the person)
attacking the person instead of the
argument.
e.g
“Pay no attention to her arguments
against abortion. I happen to know
that she had three abortions herself!”
2. Argumentum Ad Baculum
(Appeal to force) of force an
undesirable event to persuade or
advance in argument

If this peace agreement will not

be signed by the government,
then we will not have recourse
but to go on war.
3. Argumentum ad Misericordiam
(Appeal to Pity) The argument
attempts to persuade by provoking
irrelevant feelings of sympathy.

All these charges are baseless; this

is just a plain harassment – can’t
you see how this is affecting my
family?”
5. Fallacy of composition –
Assuming what is true of a part is
true for the whole.

The cases of robbery in this

district have convinced me that
the city has become a den of
thieves.
4. Fallacy of Division – Assuming
what is true for the whole is true
for its parts.

You came from a family of

doctors and intellectuals! Surely
you can do better in this course!”
How are you going to apply your
knowledge about the different
fallacies in your daily life?

What are the ways and strategies

you can do to eliminate or at
least lessen the fake news on
social media nowadays?
In ½ crosswise answer the following question.

In your own understanding,

explain what is truth and
opinion?
Enumerate and briefly
explain the different
fallacies we discussed?
Read an online article of a current
controversial issue. Turn to the comment
section below the article. Describe the
interaction among the commenters and the
kind of comments they post online. List
down 2 examples of comments, and using the
different fallacies we discussed, identify what
kind of fallacies were used in the exchanging
of arguments. You can screenshot the
comment or take a picture of it and paste it on
a long bond paper. Don’t forget to include the
current issue being talked about in the
comment. Be creative in making your output.
 Thank you
for attending
my class!