▪SUMMARIZING

▪PARAPHRASING

▪DIRECT QUOTING
▪ Identify the features of
summarizing, paraphrasing,
and direct quoting;
▪ Differentiate summarizing,
paraphrasing, and direct
quoting;
▪ Apply various formats of OBJECTIVES
summarizing, paraphrasing,
and direct quoting
▪ Evaluate summaries,
paraphrases, and direct
quotations
-a synthesis of the
key ideas of a
SUMMARY
piece of writing,
restated in your
own words

--shortened
version of the text
that highlights its
key points
▪Does not match the source
word for word
▪Involves putting the main
ideas into your words, but
including only the main points.
▪Presents a broad overview, so
is usually much shorter than
the original text
▪Must be attributed to the
original source
Original
-Use your own
language and
phrasing, not the
language and KEY FEATURES OF
phrasing of the A SUMMARY
source.
Concise
-Shorter than the
original
Accurate
-Precisely express the main idea
of your source.
Objective
-Should not include your
opinion.
 America has changed dramatically during recent years. Not only has the
number of graduates in traditional engineering disciplines such as mechanical,
civil, electrical, chemical, and aeronautical engineering declined, but in most
of the premier American universities engineering curricula now concentrate
on and encourage largely the study of engineering science.  As a result, there
are declining offerings in engineering subjects dealing with infrastructure, the
environment, and related issues, and greater concentration on high
technology subjects, largely supporting increasingly complex scientific
developments. While the latter is important, it should not be at the expense of
more traditional engineering.
Rapidly developing economies such as China and India, as well as other
industrial countries in Europe and Asia, continue to encourage and advance
the teaching of engineering. Both China and India, respectively, graduate six
and eight times as many traditional engineers as does the United States. Other
industrial countries at minimum maintain their output, while America suffers
an increasingly serious decline in the number of engineering graduates and a
lack of well-educated engineers. (169 words)

(Source:  Excerpted from Frankel, E.G. (2008, May/June) Change in education: The
cost of sacrificing fundamentals. MIT Faculty Newsletter, XX, 5, 13.)
 America has changed dramatically during recent years. Not only has the
number of graduates in traditional engineering disciplines such as mechanical,
civil, electrical, chemical, and aeronautical engineering declined, but in most
of the premier American universities engineering curricula now concentrate
on and encourage largely the study of engineering science.  As a result, there
are declining offerings in engineering subjects dealing with infrastructure, the
environment, and related issues, and greater concentration on high
technology subjects, largely supporting increasingly complex scientific
developments. While the latter is important, it should not be at the expense of
more traditional engineering.
Rapidly developing economies such as China and India, as well as other
industrial countries in Europe and Asia, continue to encourage and advance
the teaching of engineering. Both China and India, respectively, graduate six
and eight times as many traditional engineers as does the United States. Other
industrial countries at minimum maintain their output, while America suffers
an increasingly serious decline in the number of engineering graduates and a
lack of well-educated engineers. (169 words)

(Source:  Excerpted from Frankel, E.G. (2008, May/June) Change in education: The
cost of sacrificing fundamentals. MIT Faculty Newsletter, XX, 5, 13.)
 America has changed dramatically during recent years. Not only has the
number of graduates in traditional engineering disciplines such as mechanical,
civil, electrical, chemical, and aeronautical engineering declined, but in most
of the premier American universities engineering curricula now concentrate
on and encourage largely the study of engineering science.  As a result, there
are declining offerings in engineering subjects dealing with infrastructure, the
environment, and related issues, and greater concentration on high
technology subjects, largely supporting increasingly complex scientific
developments. While the latter is important, it should not be at the expense of
more traditional engineering.
Rapidly developing economies such as China and India, as well as other
industrial countries in Europe and Asia, continue to encourage and advance
the teaching of engineering. Both China and India, respectively, graduate six
and eight times as many traditional engineers as does the United States. Other
industrial countries at minimum maintain their output, while America suffers
an increasingly serious decline in the number of engineering graduates and a
lack of well-educated engineers. (169 words)

(Source:  Excerpted from Frankel, E.G. (2008, May/June) Change in education: The
cost of sacrificing fundamentals. MIT Faculty Newsletter, XX, 5, 13.)
▪ In a 2008 Faculty Newsletter article, “Change in
Education: The cost of sacrificing fundamentals,”
MIT Professor Emeritus Ernst G. Frankel notes that
the number of students focusing on traditional
areas of engineering has decreased which is the
opposite of the number interested in the high-
technology end of the field.   He further points out
that America are far under compared to other
industrial nations which brings out far more
traditionally-trained engineers.
PARAPHRASING
▪  formulating someone else's ideas in your
own words
▪ Does not match the
source word for word
▪ Involves putting a
passage from a source
into your own words
▪ Changes the words or
phrasing of a passage, PARAPHRASING
but retains and fully
communicates the
original meaning
▪ Must be attributed to
the original source
Paraphrase when you want to:
- avoid or minimize direct
quotations;
- rewrite the author’s words by not
changing the message or use your own
words to state the author’s ideas
▪ 1.Original—paraphrases should
use your own fresh vocabulary,
phrasing, and sentence
structure, not the sentence
structure, phrasing and words of
your source. 
FEATURES OF
▪ 2.Accurate—paraphrases must
precisely reflect  the ideas, tone,  A GOOD
and emphasis of your source. PARAPHRASE
▪ 3.Objective—paraphrases should
not incorporate your opinion.
▪ 4.Complete—paraphrases need
to include all the important ideas
in your source.
EXAMPLE
 ORIGINAL SOURCE
Because of their unique perspective, Americans
fear globalization less than anyone else, and as a
consequence they think about it less than anyone
else. When Americans do think about
globalization, they think of the global economy as
an enlarged version of the American economy.

(Source: Thurow, L. (1993). Fortune Favors the Bold (p. 6). New York:
Harper Collins.)
 ORIGINAL SOURCE
Because of their unique perspective, Americans
fear globalization less than anyone else, and as a
consequence they think about it less than anyone
else. When Americans do think about
globalization, they think of the global economy as
an enlarged version of the American economy.

(Source: Thurow, L. (1993). Fortune Favors the Bold (p. 6). New York:
Harper Collins.)
 ORIGINAL SOURCE
Because of their unique perspective, Americans fear globalization
less than anyone else, and as a consequence they think about it
less than anyone else. When Americans do think about
globalization, they think of the global economy as an enlarged
version of the American economy.
(Source: Thurow, L. (1993). Fortune Favors the Bold (p. 6). New York: Harper Collins.)

SAMPLE PARAPHRASED IDEA

Thurow (1993) maintains that because

Americans see globalization simply as a
bigger form of their own economy, they are
less concerned about it than the rest of the
world.
 ORIGINAL SOURCE
Because of their unique perspective, Americans fear
globalization less than anyone else, and as a consequence they
think about it less than anyone else. When Americans do think
about globalization, they think of the global economy as an
enlarged version of the American economy.
(Source: Thurow, L. (1993). Fortune Favors the Bold (p. 6). New York: Harper
Collins.)

SAMPLE PARAPHRASED IDEA

According to Thurow (1993) Americans are not
afraid of globalization than people from other
countries and as a result spend less time thinking
about it. Indeed, Americans see globalization as an
extended version of their own economy.
 ORIGINAL SOURCE
Because of their unique perspective, Americans fear
globalization less than anyone else, and as a consequence they
think about it less than anyone else. When Americans do think
about globalization, they think of the global economy as an
enlarged version of the American economy.
(Source: Thurow, L. (1993). Fortune Favors the Bold (p. 6). New York: Harper
Collins.)

SAMPLE PARAPHRASED IDEA

According to Lester Thurow (1993) Americans are
not afraid of globalization less than people from
other countries and as a result spend less time
thinking about it. Indeed, Americans see
globalization as an extended version of their own
economy.
▪PATCHWORK PARAPHRASE
- involves rearranging
word and/or phrases or only
changing some words used in
the original text using its
synonyms
▪Matches the source
word for word
▪Is usually a short
part of the text
▪Cited part appears DIRECT
between quotation
marks QUOTING
▪Must be attributed
to the original
source
▪ Quote a text that has a
powerful message
(e.g., Constitution, government
documents, philosophies,
monographs, or other scholarly
materials)
WHEN TO USE
▪ Quote directly when you want
to:
DIRECT
- begin your discussion QUOTING
with the author’s stand;
-highlight the author’s
expertise in your claim,
argument, or discussion
As stated by Cormac
McCarthy (2006) “you
forget what you want to
remember, and you
remember what you
want to forget“ (p. 25).
▪IDEA HEADING
FORMAT FORMATS
▪AUTHOR
HEADING
FORMAT

▪DATE HEADING
FORMAT
IDEA HEADING
FORMAT
The summarized idea
comes before the
citation.
The number of students focusing on
traditional areas of engineering has decreased
while the number interested in the high-
technology end of the field has increased.   It is
also pointed out that other industrial nations
produce far more traditionally-trained
engineers than America.

(Source:  Excerpted from Frankel, E.G. (2008,

May/June) Change in education: The cost of
sacrificing fundamentals. MIT Faculty
Newsletter, XX, 5, 13.)
The number of students focusing on
traditional areas of engineering has
decreased while the number
interested in the high-technology
end of the field has increased.   It is
also pointed out that other industrial
nations produce far more
traditionally-trained engineers than
America (Frankel, 2008).
It has been a greater concern for the researchers in the
area of engineering with regards to the performance of
US in this field.
The number of students focusing on traditional
areas of engineering has decreased while the
number interested in the high-technology end
of the field has increased.   It is also pointed
out that other industrial nations produce far
more traditionally-trained engineers than
America. (Frankel, 2008, p. 13)
“Other industrial nations
produce far more
traditionally-trained
engineers than America”
(Frankel, 2008, p.13).
AUTHOR HEADING FORMAT
Summarized idea comes after the
citation.

Author’s name/s is/are connected by

an appropriate reporting verb.
Frankel (2008) claims that the
number of students focusing on
traditional areas of engineering has
decreased while the number
interested in the high-technology
end of the field has increased.   He
further points out that other
industrial nations produce far more
traditionally-trained engineers than
America.
According to Frankel (2008), the
number of students focusing on
traditional areas of engineering has
decreased while the number
interested in the high-technology
end of the field has increased.   He
further points out that other
industrial nations produce far more
traditionally-trained engineers than
America.
As claimed by Frankel (2008), the
number of students focusing on
traditional areas of engineering has
decreased while the number
interested in the high-technology
end of the field has increased.   He
further points out that other
industrial nations produce far more
traditionally-trained engineers than
America.
As claimed by Frankel (2008):
The number of students focusing on
traditional areas of engineering has
decreased while the number
interested in the high-technology
end of the field has increased.   He
further points out that other
industrial nations produce far more
traditionally-trained engineers than
America. (p. 13)
Frankel (2008) claims
that “other industrial
nations produce far
more traditionally-
trained engineers than
America” (p.13).
As claimed by Frankel
(2008) “other industrial
nations produce far
more traditionally-
trained engineers than
America” (p.13).
According to Frankel
(2008) “other industrial
nations produce far
more traditionally-
trained engineers than
America” (p.13).
DATE HEADING
FORMAT
Summarized idea comes after the
date when the material was
published.
In a 2008 Faculty Newsletter article, “Change
in Education: The cost of sacrificing
fundamentals,” MIT Professor Emeritus Ernst
G. Frankel notes that the number of students
focusing on traditional areas of engineering
has decreased while the number interested in
the high-technology end of the field has
increased.   He further points out that other
industrial nations produce far more
traditionally-trained engineers than America.
In a 2008 Faculty Newsletter article, “Change in
Education: The cost of sacrificing fundamentals,” MIT
Professor Emeritus Ernst G. Frankel notes that:
The number of students focusing on traditional
areas of engineering has decreased while the
number interested in the high-technology end of
the field has increased.   He further points out
that other industrial nations produce far more
traditionally-trained engineers than America.
(p.13)
In a 2008 Faculty Newsletter article “Change
in Education: The cost of sacrificing
fundamentals,” MIT Professor Emeritus Ernst
G. Frankel points out that “other industrial
nations produce far more traditionally-
trained engineers than America” (p. 13).
 IDENTIFY
WHAT FORMAT
IS USED IN THE
FOLLOWING
EXAMPLES
On the other hand, active participation
of the citizens in development
contributes to a sound and reasonable
government decisions. In their 2004
study on the impact of participatory
development approach, Irvin and
Stansbury argue that participation can
be valuable to the participants and the
government in terms of the process
and outcomes of decision making.
Having a syntactically correct
sentence is not enough to create
meaning. A sentence can be perfect
in terms of syntax and still not make
sense(Chomsky, 1957).
Having a syntactically correct
sentence is not enough to create
meaning. As Noam Chomsky
pointed out, a sentence can be
perfect in terms of syntax and still
not make sense. He showed this by
coming up with the famous
sentence, “Colorless green ideas
sleep furiously” (1957).
Johnson (2007) suggests
that people who see
themselves as lucky are
in fact lucky, because
they take advantage of
more opportunities.
In her 2005 study on
Internet privacy, Johnson
concludes that a person
can be identified by name
on the Internet using age
and address.
READ THE NEXT
EXAMPLE AND
TRY TO APPLY
ALL THREE
FORMATS
Communication skills are
essential to building
effective managerial
approaches.
Source: Smith, J. (2014).
Fundamentals of communication.
Laguna: Palgrave Macmillan.
p. 13
▪ SUMMARIZING AND PARAPHRASING
1.IDEA HEADING FORMAT
2.AUTHOR HEADING FORMAT
3.DATE HEADING FORMAT

▪ DIRECT QUOTING
1.IDEA HEADING FORMAT
2.AUTHOR HEADING FORMAT
3.DATE HEADING FORMAT
THANK YOU!