Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Dow University Of Health Science

Chapter # 05 Growth And Development

1
(Botany)

Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Department of Biology
 TOPIC : Growth and Development
2

Growth And Development In Plants :-

The process in which a permanent increase occur in the body of plant
in respect to its size, weight and volume is called growth.
Development is the process of changes in which the fertilized egg is
change into a multicellular adult organism

Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Department of Biology
3
Growth Points And Meristem :-
In higher plants the growth occurs only in certain region called
growth points. In these region the cells divide rapidly. These cell are
known as meristem. These meristem are of three types :
1. Apical meristem
2. Intercalary meristem
3. Lateral meristem

Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Department of Biology
4
1. Apical Meristem :-
These cells are present at the apices of stem or root. They increase the
length of plant at both the stem and root sides. They take part in the
formation of branches, leaves, flowers and root hairs. They are
involved in primary growth of plant body
2. Intercalary Meristem :-
These meristem are considered as portions of apical meristem but
separated by permanent tissue. In grasses they are found at the bas
of internodes, the intercalary meristem also increase the length of
plant

Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Department of Biology
 5

3. Lateral Meristem :-
These meristem are found in the vascular bundles and below the
epidermis. These meristem take part in secondary growth in plant, in
which their diameter of stem and root is increased. This increase is
thickness is called secondary growth

Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Department of Biology
6
TOPIC : Secondary Growth
In plant primary growth take part to increase the size of plant body.
After a particular period another growth also starts in dicot plants
called secondary
In this growth thickness of plant body is increased.
 The steps of secondary growth are as follows :
1. The tissue which is formed by the activity of vascular cambium &
cork cambium are known as Secondary tissue
2. Due to secondary growth the thickness of the stem is increased

Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Department of Biology
 3. The merestematic cell are found in vascular cambium which play
7 an important role in the formation of secondary xylem & phloem
4. The xylem which is formed by the activity of vascular cambium
and it is present on the outer side of the primary xylem is known
as secondary xylem
5. The phloem which is formed by the activity of vascular cambium
and it is present on the inner side of primary phloem is known as
Secondary Phloem
6. As a result of secondary growth thickness of plant is increased

Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Department of Biology
 8
TOPIC : Phases Of Growth
In bryophytes ( lower plants ) the growth is the enlargement of cells
by cell division. In higher plants such as Angiosperms the growth
occurs at the apices of root and shoot which result in the increase in
length of plant body
There are three phases of growth
1. Formative phase
2. Elongation phase
3. Maturation phase

Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Department of Biology
9
1. Formative phase :-
This phase occurs in the apices of root and shoot, where
meristematic cells divide and redivide to increase the number of
cells. These meristemic cells are thin walled. They have dense
cytoplasm and large nuclei. These cells are closely arranged together
2. Elongation phase :-
This phase is just behind the formative region. This stage cell do not
divide but their size is increased
The newly formed cells pass through the phase of cell elongation.
Due to osmosis water and salt enter the cells. Their turgor pressure
is increased and their thin elastic cell wall is expanded. The cells
enlarge and elongate until they reach their maximum size

Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Department of Biology
10

3. Maturation phase :-
In this phase secondary wall is formed and due to the deposition of
cellulose cell wall become thickened and non elastic.

Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Department of Biology
11
TOPIC : External Factor Of Growth
The external factors of growth and development are mentioned as
below :
1. Temperature
2. Light
3. Oxygen
4. Carbon dioxide
5. Nutrition

Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Department of Biology
12
1. Temperature :-
It is a very important factor. All hormones and enzymes work at
suitable temperature. It is usually 25-37C. The metabolism, cell
division and cytoplasm formation occur at this temperature

2. Light :-
It is also necessary for growth and development. It help in
photosynthesis i.e. manufacturing of food in plants, and energy is
produced
The light affects in three ways :
i. Intensity Of Light :- The intensity or power of light is required for
chlorophyll formation and other pigments formation. Very high
intensity is harmful for chlorophyll and photosynthesis is also
reduced Muhammad Anas Yaseen
Department of Biology
 ii. Quality Of Light :- Light quality is also imporantant, because
13 red light increase the cell growth and blue light increase cell
division, but ultraviolet light destroys cytoplasm and tissue
iii. Duration Of Light :- Duration of light affects growth and
development, flowers production also affect
3. Oxygen ( O2 ) :-
In whole plant body O2 takes part to release energy by oxidation
of food and for growth this energy is essential
4. CO2 :-
CO2 is required during photosynthesis to manufacture food
material, other wise energy will not be available and process of
growth is affected

Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Department of Biology
14

5. Nutrition :-
Different kinds of nutrients are necessary for plant body. Their
deficiency may cause certain abnormal condition, such as due to
nitrogen deficiency in soil, protein synthesis is affected and plant
become weak

Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Department of Biology
15
TOPIC : Internal Factor Of Growth

Internal factors for growth in plants are very important. These factors
are presence of hormones and genetic constitution.

These two factors are correlated with each other and affect growth
and development. For example in growth certain hormones play an
important role such as Auxins, Gibberellins and Cytokinins

Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Department of Biology
16
TOPIC : Growth Correlation
In plants special cells take part in growth called meristem. In growth
the size of plant body is increased. In the cells of embryo division
occur many times, the newly formed cells start to differentiate from
each other and form different tissues. In this way the whole plant
body is composed of many parts like root, stem, branches, and
leaves.
The growth of various part is correlated with each other, this termed
as growth correlation
In plants the growth occur in apical region, it is called apical
dominance

Muhammad Anas Yaseen

Department of Biology