KOMUNIKASI RADIO SELULAR

sarawanan letchumanan JKE

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What is wireless telecommunication?


The invention of radio made transoceanic wireless communication easier by eliminating expensive cabling requirements. Wireless telecommunication involves converting an audio signal into a Radio Frequency (RF) signal and broadcasting it using radiating devices called antennas. Modern wireless telecommunication can use either analog or digital technology.

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What is RadioTelephone?


a telephone without wires, the connection to the local exchange being through the medium of radio

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Sistem Telefon Bergerak Konvensional Dengan Sistem Radio Bergerak Selular


Pada zaman permulaan sistem telefon bergerak (awal 40an), banyak masalah yang dihadapi oleh industri komunikasi radio.  Kesediaan/penggunaan spektrum frekuensi radio yang terhad.  keupayaan perkhidmatan yang terhad,  prestasi perkhidmatan yang tidak memuaskan  kebolehsetiaan sistem juga rendah. Malah ramai pelanggan mengalami pengguguran panggilan apabila melintasi sempadan kawasan liputan. Dalam pada itu, kerahsiaan maklumat yang dihantar melalui sistem telefon bergerak lama adalah amat tidak terjamin. Awal 70an industri telekomunikasi membangunkan satu sistem telefon bergerak baru yang dikenali sebagai Sistem telefon bergerak selular, "Cellular Mobile System.

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How did wireless telecommunications function during the early mobile Era?  The early mobile system used a single transmission which covered a large area. Very powerful transmitters and very high antenna towers were required for area coverage.

VISUAL

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Cellular Mobile System


Sistem telefon bergerak selular ini  berkapasiti tinggi  mempunyai kawasan liputan perkhidmatan yang amat luas  mampu menawarkan pelbagai jenis perkhidmatan  menggunakan spektrum frekuensi dengan lebih cekap.  berupaya untuk menampung bilangan pelanggan yang tidak terhad Pada tahun tujuhan juga, sistem radio bergerak selular analog diperkenalkan dan seterusnya berkembang ke arah sistem radio bergerak selular digital sejak tahun lapan puluhan. Istilah selular digunakan kerana konfigurasi sistem ini terdiri daripada sekumpulan pemancar atau penerima radio yang memberi perkhidmatan kepada pelanggan di dalam sesuatu sel tertentu.

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Early Mobile Telephone System Architecture VS Mobile Telephone System Using the Cellular Concept

VISUAL

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What is Cellular Mobile Radio


The term cellular is derived from the fact that the system is configured with a group of radio transceivers serving a particular cell (honeycomb shape) where people can use the service

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Prinsip Radio Selular


Overall view of cell

KAWASAN UTARA 2 MSC 179 BTS 188 TAPAK 278 SEL 869 ANTENA

KAWASAN TIMUR 1 MSC 65 BTS 66 TAPAK 66 SEL 136 ANTENA

Gambarajah menunjukan taburan pengguna telefon bimbit (kawasan berbintikbintik).

KAWASAN SELATAN 1 MSC 157 BTS 162 TAPAK 287 SEL Perbandingan Bilangan Tapak Dengan 810 ANTENA Kawasan Liputan Maxis Nov 1998

KAWASAN TENGAH 7 MSC 416 BTS 448 TAPAK 975 SEL 3251 ANTENA

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Prinsip Radio Selular


RBS

Menyediakan satu kawasan dengan pemancar dan penerima yang di panggil sel Setiap sel terdiri dari penerima dan pemancar berkuasa rendah yang dipanggil Radio Base Station(RBS) bagi membolehkan ia menyediakan perkhidmatan kepada penggunanya dalam liputan beberapa kilometer persegi.


MTSO

Setiap sel disambungkan dengan talian telefon atau gelombang mikro kepada Pusat Kawalan Utama yang dikenali sebagai Mobile Telephone Switching Office(MTSO).

SEL

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3 Komponen Asas Radio Selular
  

Mobile Unit (MU) Radio Base Station(RBS) Mobile Telephone Switching Office(MTSO)
MTSO Ke PSTN RBS Kedudukan kawan A di sel A

RBS Kedudukan kawan B di sel B

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3 Komponen Asas Radio Selular
  

Mobile Unit (MU) Radio Base Station(RBS) Mobile Telephone Switching Office(MTSO)
MTSO KAWASAN TENGAH

MTSO KAWASAN SELATAN

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Mobile Unit (MU), Telefon Bergerak / Stesen Bergerak (MS)





Pemancar

Frequency Synthesizer


Penerima


Unit Logik


Unit Kawalan

5 bahagian utama iaitu pemancar, penerima, synthesizer, unit logik dan unit kawalan PEMANCAR FM berkuasa rendah 666 saluran penghantaran pada jarak 30 kHz. Contohnya, Saluran 1 berfrekuensi 825.03 MHz, Saluran 2 pada 825.06 MHz Kuasa pancaran ialah sekitar 500 mW. PENERIMA Merupakan penukar-berkembar (dual-conversion) superhetrodin. 666 saluaran penerima pada jarak frekuensi 30 kHz antara satu sama lain. Bagi setiap saluran, frekuensi pemancaran dan penerimaan dibezakan pada jarak 45 MHz. Contohnya; pada Saluran 1 frekuensi pemancaran adalah 825.03 MHz manakala, frekuensi penerimaan bagi Saluran 1 adalah 870.03 MHz

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Mobile Unit (MU), Telefon Bergerak / Stesen Bergerak (MS)

 


  




SYNTHESIZER Menjana isyarat bagi penggunaan pemancar dan penerima. Apabila satu unit selular hendak menerima panggilan, komputer di MTSO akan memilih saluran yang tidak digunakan. Kemudian, MTSO akan menghantar isyarat berkod digit kepada penerima untuk menala frekuensi tersebut. UNIT LOGIK Litar kawalan utama bagi unit selular. Menggunakan mikroprosessor iaitu RAM dan ROM. Litar tambahan untuk mentafsirkan isyarat dari MTSO atau sel, serta menjana isyarat kawalan bagi pemancar dan penerima. UNTI KAWALAN Terdiri daripada speaker dan mikrofon, serta litar pendailan nadasentuh (touch-tone). Mikroprosessor di Unit Kawalan mengawal paparan LCD dan penunjuk-penunjuk di unit telefon bimbit. Ingatan dalam mikroprosessor di Unit Kawalan mampu menyimpan nombor yang kerap dipanggil dan juga sistem pendailan automatik.

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Radio Base Station (RBS), Tapak Sel / Stesen Tapak (BS)


komponen antara-muka (interface) yang menghubungkan MS dan MSC. Ia berperanan sebagai perantaraan trafik atau isyarat di antara MS dengan MSC dan mempunyai unit kawalan, kabin radio, sistem antena, bekalan kuasa dan terminal data. stesen sel pengawal-luar site controller yang berfungsi mengikut arahan-arahan dari MTSO.  Menyelia panggilan yang merangkumi pengawasan terhadap kualiti percakapan dan pengukuran terhadap kekuatan isyarat suara.  Menghantar dan menerima isyarat suara dan data daripada dan kepada pengguna.

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Radio Base Station (RBS), Tapak Sel / Stesen Tapak (BS)  RBS is a gateway for Mobile Stations (or Mobile Users) to connect to the Mobile Network.  RBS should only serve one cell. In order to use an RBS, one should register them in their MSC. This means that RBS should serve all the inquiries demanded by MSC.


What an RBS should have?

  

A Cell being served RBS ID Records of Neighbor RBSs Provide information about the Cell being served Register neighboring RBSs. Enables other objects to communicate with the Rbs to ask it to register its neighboring Rbs so the Msc be able to setup a Mobile Network topology to find better service quality for a Mobile Station.

What an RBS should behave?

 

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Radio Base Station (RBS), Tapak Sel / Stesen Tapak (BS)  RBS structure

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Mobile Telephone Switching Office(MTSO), Pusat Pensuisan Bergerak (MSC - Mobile Switching Centre )

 Pusat pensuisan yang bertindak sebagai jantung kepada sistem



Melaksanakan pensuisan iaitu penyambungan dan pemutusan antara rangkaian selular dengan rangkaian telefon awam. Menerima dan memproses data-data yang diterima daripada RBS merangkumi status unit-unit mobile, data-data diagnostik, maklumat-maklumat bil, data-data berteks dan sebagainya.


Melaksanakan pengaliran bagi menentukan selsel yang sesuai dan saluran radio yang diperlukan apabila panggilan hendak dibuat. Melaksanakan penyeliaan yang menentukan dan mengemaskini lokasi-lokasi unit mobile apabila berlaku pergerakan daripada satu sel ke yang lain.

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Mobile Telephone Switching Office(MTSO), Pusat Pensuisan Bergerak (MSC - Mobile Switching Centre )


What an MSC should have?



all the registered Rbs references. Register all the RBSs into the array. Finding RBS candidates to serve a certain point of access given by x,y coordinate. Find RBS with a certain ID for administrative purposes since an Rbs considered to have a unique ID. Show RBS information and its neighbors.

What an MSC should behave?

 

MTSO

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Mobile Telephone Switching Office(MTSO), Pusat Pensuisan Bergerak (MSC - Mobile Switching Centre )
 

MTSO structure Necessities included:

       

Two switching rooms Cell site room Microwave radio room Interconnect room Power room Two tape drive rooms Two tape storage room Control room.

KOMUNIKASI RADIO SELULAR KUIZ 1

1.
Komponen utama sistem radio selular A. MS, RBS, MTSO B. MS, RBS, SEL C. RBS, MTSO, SEL Berikut bukan fungsi RBS A. mengawas kualiti B. mendaftar RBS berdekatan C. mempunyai maklumat semua RBS Frekuensi suara manusia A. 300 3400hz B. 300 3400khz C. 3khz 3.4khz

2.

3.

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Konsep Asas Sistem Radio Bergerak Selular


Kawasan peliputan dibahagikan kepada kawasan struktur sel yang berbentuk heksagon. Setiap struktur sel mempunyai sebuah stesen pengkalan radio (RBS) dan mampu mengendalikan sejumlah panggilan serentak bergantung kepada bilangan saluran yang disediakan. Jumlah saluran yang diperuntukkan pada sesuatu kawasan itu bergantung kepada bilangan atau ketumpatan pengguna dalam kawasan itu.
RBS

Sel Berbentuk Heksagon Teori

Sel Ideal

Sel Betul

KOMUNIKASI RADIO SELULAR Konsep Asas Sistem Radio Bergerak Selular

 

At the heart of each cell is a base station. The cells overlap at the edges to prevent holes in coverage. If the radio base stations are too far apart, calls cannot be handed over from one area to another and are interrupted or 'dropped' when mobile users are on the move.

3
Overlap cell

2
Distanced cell

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Konsep Asas Sistem Radio Bergerak Selular


There are three types of cells:

  

macrocells microcells picocells.

A macrocell provides the main coverage in a mobile network.

The antennas for macrocells are mounted on ground-based masts, rooftops and other existing structures. They must be positioned at a height that is not obstructed by surrounding buildings and terrain. Macrocell base stations have a typical power output of tens of watts.

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Konsep Asas Sistem Radio Bergerak Selular  Microcells provide infill radio coverage and additional
capacity where there are high numbers of users within macrocells. The antennas for microcells are mounted at street level, typically on the external walls of existing structures, lamp posts and other street furniture. The antennas are smaller than macrocell antennas and when mounted on existing structures, can often be disguised as building features. Typically, microcells provide radio coverage across smaller distances and are placed 300m-1000m apart. They have lower outputs than macrocells, usually a few watts and supports 8 20 channels.

KOMUNIKASI RADIO SELULAR Konsep Asas Sistem Radio Bergerak Selular



A picocell provides more localised coverage than a

microcell. They are normally found inside buildings where coverage is poor or where there are a high number of users, such as airport terminals, train stations or shopping centres.

KOMUNIKASI RADIO SELULAR Saiz Sel



The number of cells in any geographic area is determined by the number of mobile subscribers who will be operating in that area and the geographic layout of the area.

Large Areas The maximum cell size is mainly determined by the distance radio waves can travel and still be of practical use. Large cells are generally used in remote areas where there are very few subscribers, such as:  Remote Areas  High Transmission Power  Few Subscribers.

KOMUNIKASI RADIO SELULAR Saiz Sel

Small Cells The minimum cell size is determined by the number of mobile subscribers who will be using the cell. In an urban area where a large number of people are located very small cells will be used which are about 0.8 km. Small cells have the advantage of being able to use a low transmit power this means that small lightweight hand portable phones may be used.  Urban Areas  Low transmission Power  Many Subscribers.

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Konsep Asas Sistem Radio Bergerak Selular


Beberapa sel boleh dikumpulkan menjadi satu kumpulan sel (cluster cell). Biasanya mengambil nilai 3, 4, 7, 9, 12 dan seterusnya.

Sel Kemompok 3

Sel Kemompok 7

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Konfigurasi Sel


Pemilihan jenis konfigurasi sel pada sesuatu kawasan bergantung kepada kepadatan dan taburan pelanggan. dua jenis konfigurasi sel yang utama, iaitu sel berarah-omni (omni-directional) dan sel bersektor (sectorized).


sel berarah-omni, antena stesen tapak memancar dan menerima isyarat dengan sama rata dalam semua arah.

sel bersektor, antena stesen tapak memancar dan menerima isyarat yang kuat dalam arah yang dituju. Biasanya, sel bersektor dilengkapi dengan lebih daripada satu antena berarah (directional antennas). Misalan, konfigurasi 3x120 dan 6x60 .

KOMUNIKASI RADIO SELULAR Konfigurasi Sel



OMNI Directional Cells All the cells we have looked at so far each have their own Cell Site this is known as an OMNI cell.


Omni Cell , 1 Antenna

When traffic density is very high cells can be reduced in size by sectorising

120 degree Sectors The original cell is divided into three smaller cells, these cells share the same cell site but each has its own allocation of radio carriers 60 Degree Sectors Common arrangement in the centres of large cities where peak subscriber demand is very heavy. GSM will also use 60 degree sectorised cells.

120 Sectoriosed , 3 Antenna

60 Sectoriosed , 6 Antenna

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Omnidirectional


 

Merupakan antena yang mempunyai keseimbangan dalam penghantaran dan penerimaan isyarat. Ianya digunakan di kawasan kurang penduduk Kawasan liputannya berbentuk bulat dan setiap penghujung bulatan kawasan liputan akan bertindih antara satu sama lain. Hanya menggunakan satu elemen sahaja

Kawasan liputan

RBS

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Sectorized


Aantena yang mempunyai sifat keberarahan, di mana pemancaran adalah pada arah-arah yang tertentu. Memerlukan tiga antena yang disusun secara berdekatan supaya setiap antena mempunyai sudut 1200 @ 600 liputan. Ianya digunakan dikawasan yang luas penggunaanya seperti di bandar-bandar.
Antena

Sel

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Cellular Radio Frequency Spectrum

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Cellular Radio Frequency Spectrum
 

Spektrum frekuensi yang diperuntukkan untuk sistem komunikasi radio selular adalah terhad. Untuk menampung pengguna yang banyak dengan sumber spektrum frekuensi yang terhad, setiap saluran yang terdiri daripada frekuensi tertentu digunakan lebih daripada satu kali. Ini bermakna sel yang berlainan dapat menggunakan frekuensi salur yang sama. Penggunaan semula frekuensi (frequency reuse) merupakan konsep asas sistem radio selular. Sistem telefon selular beroperasi berasaskan konsep dupleks penuh (full-duplex) ini bermakna setiap saluran (channel) radio mempunyai sepasang frekuensi, satu untuk pemancaran (uplink) dan satu untuk penerimaan isyarat (down-link).

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Cellular Radio Frequency Spectrum


Terdapat syarat-syarat tertentu yang mesti dipatuhi supaya penggunaan semula frekuensi boleh diamalkan tanpa masalah gangguan ko-saluran. Katakanlah, suatu saluran radio F1, yang digunakan dalam sel S1 yang berjejari R boleh digunakan semula dalam satu lagi sel lain yang berjejari sama dan terletak pada jarak D dari sel S1. Penentuan jarak minimum, D di antara sel yang membenarkan penggunaan semula frekuensi yang sama bergantung kepada faktor-faktor seperti
  

bilangan sel ko-saluran di sekitar sel pusat keadaan kontor bentuk muka bumi ketinggian antena dan kuasa pemancar setiap sel.

KOMUNIKASI RADIO SELULAR Cellular Radio Frequency Spectrum



Jarak penggunaan semula frekuensi D boleh ditentukan oleh Persamaan

D = R 3N
 

R => jejari sel N => bilangan sel dalam satu kumpulan sel.

KOMUNIKASI RADIO SELULAR Penggunaan Semula Frekuensi

 

Kedudukan sel-sel hendaklah jauh antara satu sama lain untuk menggelakkan gangguan. Dengan penggunaan semula frekuensi, sistem selular dapat mengendalikan sejumlah besar sambungan secara serentak, jauh melebihi jumlah saluran yang diperuntukan.


S4 S1 S5 S3 S2 S1

S2 S3 S4 S2 S5 S3

S5 S3 S1 S2 S4 S3

S4

S5

S1

jelas menunjukan penggunaan frekuensisemula, di mana sel-sel bersebelahan tidak mungkin akan menggunakan frekuensi yang sama tetapi sel-sel berikutnya akan menggunakan.  RBS S1 - 988.2 MHz  RBS S2 - 988.3 MHz  RBS S3 - 988.4 MHz  RBS S4 - 988.5 MHz  RBS S5 - 988.6 MHz

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Pemecahan Cell / Cell Splitting


Unfortunately, economic considerations made the concept of creating full systems with many small areas impractical. To overcome this difficulty, system operators developed the idea of cell splitting. As a service area becomes full of users, this approach is used to split a single area into smaller ones. In this way, urban centers can be split into as many areas as necessary to provide acceptable service levels in heavy-traffic regions, while larger, less expensive cells can be used to cover remote rural regions

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HANDOFF


The final obstacle in the development of the cellular network involved the problem created when a mobile subscriber traveled from one cell to another during a call. As adjacent areas do not use the same radio channels, a call must either be dropped or transferred from one radio channel to another when a user crosses the line between adjacent cells.

KOMUNIKASI RADIO SELULAR HANDOFF



Because dropping the call is unacceptable, the process of handoff was created. Handoff occurs when the mobile telephone network automatically transfers a call from radio channel to radio channel as a mobile crosses adjacent cells.

VISUAL

During a call, two parties are on one voice channel. When the mobile unit moves out of the coverage area of a given cell site, the reception becomes weak. At this point, the cell site in use requests a handoff. The system switches the call to a stronger-frequency channel in a new site without interrupting the call or alerting the user. The call continues as long as the user is talking, and the user does not notice the handoff at all.

KOMUNIKASI RADIO SELULAR Challenges of Cellular Communication



Ricean Fading


Ricean fading, the most general multipath effect, results when a transmitted signal follows multiple paths to the receiver. After the direct transmission is received, echoes of the signal reach the receiver. These can cause transmitted symbols to interfere with future symbols. In the following figure, the direct transmission would reach the car first, followed by an echo off of the building.

KOMUNIKASI RADIO SELULAR Challenges of Cellular Communication



Rayleigh Fading


Rayleigh fading is a very similar multipath effect, except it results when obstacles block the direct path from the transmitter to the receiver. Since the direct transmission is blocked, the reflected signals are not echoes, but the first signals received. Deconstructive interference (anti-nodes) can cause short-term amplitude dips, or even complete loss, in the received signal.

KOMUNIKASI RADIO SELULAR Challenges of Cellular Communication



Doppler Effects


Doppler effects are caused by mobile receivers or transmitters, and affect the frequency of the received signal. If the receiver and transmitter are moving towards each other, the frequency of the received signal is shifted up. If they are moving away, it is shifted down. In the following example, the wavefront on the left is what is being transmitted from a stationary receiver. The wavefront on the right is what would be seen by a receiver moving in the direction of the arrow.

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Challenges of Cellular Communication  Blocking


Blocking results when a nearby high-power transmitter blocks out whole range of channels. It is similar to driving by a radio station which can block out other stations on nearby frequencies. One example of how this can happen is when one cell is carrying too many calls and another cell is covering for it. If a terminal is too close to the nearby (overloaded) cell, it may lose the signal from the cell with which it is communicating. In the following example, the transmission from the cell on the left is blocked by the more powerful signal from the cell on the right.

KOMUNIKASI RADIO SELULAR Challenges of Cellular Communication



Loss of Signal


There are several possible causes for loss of signal, including over-aggressive power management, although the most likely cause is simply due to obstacles. If the direct transmission blocked and there are no reflected signals to receive, the signal is lost and must be renegotiated.

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KUIZ 2
1. Picosel digunakan di A. kawasan poli B. pusat beli belah C. bandar masa Sel mesti berbentuk hexagon A. betul B. salah Sel besar digunakan di kawasan padat penduduk A. betul B. salah Antena sectorized digunakan di kawasan padat penduduk A. betul B. salah

2.

3.

4.

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