TOPIC- SEM And TEM

Submitted by –Pinky
218|PAC|011
MSc (Applied Chemistry)
Scanning electron microscope
In SEM, the surface of the specimen is
scan by electron beam .
This was first designed by Max Knoll
(1935).
 Working principle of SEM
 SEM use electron beam for ilumination and
electromagnetic coils for directing the path of electron
beam .
 When electron is focused on the specimen, it
produces secondary electron ,back scattered electron
and X-rays.
 Seconday electrons are reflected due to the
interactions between atoms in specimens and electron
beam.
 Back scattered electron gives information about the
distribution of different elements.
 X-rays are emitted by the sample when the electron
beam removes electron from the inner shells of the
atoms .
 These three rays are detected by specialized detectors.
 The electron signals are converted into image which is
focused on the monitor
Construction of SEM
Advantages
 SEM is use full to view the
surface of microorganisms,
pollen grains, hairs and scales
of plants and animals .
 It produce 3D image.
 It is used to analyze the
compound eyes of insects.
Disadvantages
 Lower resolution than TEM.
 High cost
 SEM can produce the image
of a surface only a few nano
meter deep.
Transmission Electron Microscope
Tem is used important tool in
nanotechnology in which electrons are made
to fall on sample.
The electrons interect with matter and get
transmitted and strike a fluorescent screen
and produces high resolution sample
images.
It was invented by “Ernst Ruska” .
Principle
Electrons those are passed through the sample or
speciman are imaged and gives the idea about the
internal structure of the sample.
Electrons transmitted through the sample will strike
into the fluorescence screen and it will be converted
into image which is 2D and black and white
Construction of TEM
An electron gun
The condenser system
The image –producing
system
The image –recording system
Advantages
 TEMs offer very powerful magnification and resolution.
 TEMs have a wide –range of applications and can be
utilized in a variety of different scientific, educational
and industrial fields .
 TEMs provide information on element and compound
structure.
 Images are high quality and detailed.
Disadvantages
 TEMs are large and expensive .
 Operation and analysis requires special training .
 Samples are limited to those that are electron
transparent .
 Images are black and white.