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Introduction
• The approximate shape of the earth can best be defined as
an oblate tri-axial ovaloid. But, most of the civil engineering
works, concern only with a small portion of the earth which
seems to be a plane surface. Thus, based upon the
consideration of the shape of the earth, surveying is broadly
divided into two types.
• Plane Surveying
• Geodetic Surveying
Scope and Use of Plane surveying
• Plane surveys are carried out of engineering projects on
sufficiently large scale to determine relative positions
of individual features of the earth surface.
• Plane surveys are used for the layout of highways,
railways, canals, fixing boundary pillars, construction
of bridges, factories etc.
• The scope and use of plane surveys is very wide.
Division of Plane Surveying
• Plane surveying can be divided in the
following ways.
• Chain Surveying
• Traverse Surveying
• Plane Tabel Surveying
• Ordinary Leveling
Chain Surveying
• It is less costly.
Demerits
• Plane Table Essentially a tropical instruments.
• It is not suitable to work in wet climate.
• There are several accessories to be carried out
and therefore they are likely to be lost.
• It is not suitable for accurate work.
Geodetic Surveying
• Geodetic surveying measures all elevations from a
level surface, and because all instruments use a straight
reference plane, this requires all instrument readings of
elevation to be adjust for the curvature of the earth.
Geodetic surveys are used when a high degree of
accuracy is needed and when the survey will cover long
distances or a large area.
Use of Geodetic Surveying :
• Engineering purposes: The engineers uses Geodetic
Surveying for finding out the exact location of the
concerned point or area. Latitudes and longitudes are
needed for any engineering constructions.
• Construction purposes: The builders used Geodetic
Surveying for finding out the direction of the buildings
or their exact location for vaastu shastra.
• Land Surveying and assessment: The vertical elevation
and the horzontal attributes , the latitude and longitudes
of the area surveyed are found out through Geodetic
Surveying .
The End
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