PHRASE

Teddy Yusuf, S.Pd.

WHAT IS A PHRASE?
1. A group of related words without a subject or a
predicate, acting as a single part of speech (Harman,
p.12)

2. A slot in which one or more words can occur, or indeed

in which other phrases can occur (Jim Miller, p.18)

3. A group of interrelated words. (Miller p.1)

WHAT IS MEAN BY POINT 1?

1. A group of related words without a subject or a

predicate, acting as a single part of speech (Harman,
p.12)
LET’S COMPARE

The red manggo Mangga itu merah

S P
In English, it is a In bahasa, it is a
phrase, only a sentence, because it
group of words. consists of S + P
There is no
subject nor
predicate
WHAT IS MEANT BY SUBJECT?

 A word or a group of words denoting that of which

something is said.
F.E: I went to Jakarta yesterday or
My brother visited the library.

I or my brother are subject of the sentence because they

denote something is said.
WHAT IS MEANT BY PREDICATE?
 The word or group of words denoting that of which
something is said of the subject.

F.E: I went to Jakarta yesterday or

my brother visited the library.

went to Jakarta yesterday or visited the library are

predicate of the sentence because they denote something is
said of the subject.
THE PREDICATE IN ENGLISH
 All the predicate in English must consist of a verb or a
verb phrase.

F.E: It is a book.
‘is’ functions as the main verb.
I went to Jakarta yesterday.
single verb
I will go to Jakarta.
verb phrase
Shinta is sleeping on a bed.
‘is’ is an auxiliary verb.
LET’S BACK TO

The red manggo

let have a look closely! Is there any subject or predicate
in the sample above?
BUT, WHAT IF THE CASE

Mangga itu manis.

In bahasa, the word itu is a marker of the sentence. Also the
predicate should not consist of a verb or a serial verb. In other
word the verb is not a prerequisite in Indonesian predication.
WHAT IS A PHRASE?
1. A group of related words without a subject or a
predicate, acting as a single part of speech (Harman,
p.12)

2. A slot in which one or more words can occur, or indeed

in which other phrases can occur (Jim Miller, p.18)

3. A group of interrelated words.

WHAT IS MEAN BY POINT 2?

2. A slot in which one or more words can occur, or

indeed in which other phrases can occur (Jim Miller,
p.18)
SLOT?
 What is a slot?

A slot is an empty room. Just like the slot for vga,

memory, or sound card. The slots could not be
interchangeable to one another. Those slots have no any
meaning, but they have their own function.
LOOK AT THESE!
1. The apple.
2. The red apple.
3. The red apple in box.
4. The red apple in the box.
5. The red apple in the black box.

There are ‘one or more seat’ that could be filled by the

potential words in ‘the noun classroom’ precede or
follow the word apple!
LOOK AT THESE!
1. …………….. apple.
2. …….. …….. apple.
3. …….. …….. apple … ……...
4. ……. …….. apple … …… ……...
5. …….. ……. apple … …… …….. …….

The red dot lines are ‘the seat in a classroom’ that many
potentially words could fill those places as one slot,
they are words that precede and or follow the word
apple.
PHRASES IN ENGLISH
1. Noun Phrase
2. Verb Phrase
3. Adjective Phrase
4. Adverb Phrase
5. Preposition Phrase
WHAT IS A NOUN PHRASE?

1. A group of words that the head is noun.

2. A group of words that consist of a constituent

and a head of noun.
WHAT IS MEANT BY POINT 1?
1. A group of words that the head is noun.

For Example:
The red apple

It is a noun phrase because the head is noun (the

word of apple).
WHAT IS A NOUN PHRASE?
1.A group of words that the head is noun.

2. A group of words that consist of a

constituent and a head.
WHAT IS THE CONSTITUENT?
 The constituent is the modifier of the head.
 All constituent function as the modifier of the head.

 Modifier means to limit the meaning of the head. (so it’s

not general right now).
WHAT IS MEANT BY POINT 2?

2.A group of words that consist of constituent and a head.

For Example:

The red apple

It is a noun phrase because there is a constituent (the red)

and also the head is noun (apple).
WHAT IS MEANT BY POINT 2?

2.A group of words that consist of constituent and a head.

For Example:

The red apple in the box.

It is a noun phrase because there are constituents. They are

the red and in the box, and the apple is the noun head.
SO, WHAT IS A MODIFIER?
1.A word or a group of words that come before (precede) the
head. or
2.A word or a group of words that come after (follow) the head.
or
3.A word or a group of words that precede and follow the head.
4. Most of word classes can be a modifier in English
5. All modifier function as an Adjective.
WHAT IS MEANT BY POINT 1?
1.A word or a group of words that come before (precede) the
head. or
2.A word or a group of words that come after (follow) the head.
or
3.A word or a group of words that precede and follow the head.
4.Most of words category can be a modifier in English.
5.All modifier function as an Adjective.
WHAT IS MEANT BY POINT 1?
1.A word or a group of words that come before (precede) the
head.

For example:
The apple
The red apple

The word of the or the red are words that come before
(precede) the head (apple).
WHAT IS MEANT BY POINT 2?
2.A word or a group of words that come after (follow) the head.

For example:
Apple on the black box.

The words of on the black box are words that come after
(follow) the head (apple).
WHAT IS MEANT BY POINT 3?
3.A word or a group of words that come before (precede) and
came after (follow) the head.

For example:
The red apple on the black box.
The word of the red are words that precede the head (apple)
and on the black box are words that follow the head (apple).
WHAT IS MEANT BY POINT 4?
4.Most of word classes can be a modifier in
English.
For example:
An apple. (article)
The apple. (article)
This apple. (demonstrative)
Red apple. (adjective)
Fried chicken. (participle passive)
Frying pan. (participle active)
Many apple. (definite Adj.)
Five apple. (numeral Adj.)
Any/Some apples. (quantitative adj.)
WHAT IS MEANT BY POINT 5?

5. All modifier function as an Adjective.

1. A word or the words that precede the head (pre-
modifier)

2. A word or the words that follow the head (post-

modifier)
PRE-MODIFIER
5.All modifier function as an Adjective.
For example:
An apple. An functions as an adj.
The apple. The functions as an adj.
This apple. This functions as an adj.
Red apple. Red functions as an adj.
Fried chicken. Fried functions as an adj.
Frying pan. Frying functions as an adj.
Many apple. Many functions as an adj.
Five apple. Five function as an adj.
Any/Some apples. Any/Some function as an
Adj.
POST MODIFIER
5. All modifier function as an Adjective.
For example:
Apple on the box.
On the box functions as an adjective.
The apple on the black box.
On the black box functions as an adjective.
The apple which is red.
Which is red functions as an adjective.
The apple That I put on the table.
I put on the table functions as an adjective.
The apple to cut by a cutter.
To cut by a cutter function as an Adjective .
WORD CATEGORY IN NOUN PHRASE
Head

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1.Article 7. prep. Prep.phr.

2.adj/adj phrase 8. adj.
3. Adverb 9. adv.
4. Preposition 10.N.N.phr.N.cls.
5. Verbal a. Ing. b. ed. 11.Verbal a. ing/phr.b.ed/phr
6. N. N.phr. to inf/phr.
12. Adj. Clause.
WHAT IS MEANT BY POINT 5?

All modifiers function as an

adjective.
WHY ALL MODIFIERS FUNCTION AS
AN ADJECTIVE?
 Because those words modify the meaning of the
head in a phrase.
F.E: The red apple.
The apple on the black box.
The red or on the black box modify the
meaning of head. (to modify = to limit)
 Because it makes the meaning of the head
becomes specific.
F.E: apple general
the red apple the meaning is
specific
WHAT IS THE CONCEPT OF ADJECTIVE
IN NOUN PHRASE

1. The true adjective

A word becomes adjective because of its nature.

2. Syntactical Function
A word becomes adjective because of the condition
(structure).
WHAT IS MEANT BY POINT 1?
1. The true adjective
A word becomes adjective because of its nature.

For example:
The red apple
The black pigeon
The sweet mango
WHAT IS MEANT BY POINT 2?
2. Syntactical Function
A word becomes adjective because of the condition
(structure).

For example:
The Washington apple
The Malang apple
The Fried chicken
The Frying pan
WHAT IS A PHRASE?
1. A group of related words without a subject or a
predicate, acting as a single part of speech (Harman,
p.12)

2. A slot in which one or more words can occur, or indeed

in which other phrases can occur (Jim Miller, p.18)

3. A group of interrelated words.

WHAT IS MEANT BY POINT 3

3. A group of interrelated words.

For Example:
I would have been in Bali, if I have a lot of money.

would have been is a group of interrelated words in above

sentence.
KINDS OF MODIFIERS IN NOUN PHRASE

 Pre-modifier, a word or a group of words that precedes the

head.
F.E: The red apple

 Post-modifier, a word or a group of words that follows the

head.
F.E: Apple on the black box.
MODIFIER IN NOUN PHRASES
Head

Pre-modifier Post-modifier

The red apple on the black box.

WHAT IS THE MODIFIER?

AND
WHAT IS THE HEAD?
WHAT IS THE MODIFIER?

1. A word or the words that convey an extra meaning of

information.

2. A word or the words that is controlled by the head.

WHAT IS THE MODIFIER?

1. A word or the words that convey an extra meaning of

information.

2. A word the words that is controlled by the head.

WHAT IS MEANT BY AN EXTRA
MEANING?

 That is the addition meaning to support the head meaning.

For Example:
-The red apple (the red is an extra meaning to the head)
-Apple on the black box (on the black box is an extra
meaning to the head)
WHAT IS THE MODIFIER?

1. A word or the words that convey an extra meaning of

information.

2. A word or the words that is controlled by the head.

WHAT IS MEANT BY IS CONTROLLED BY
THE HEAD?

That is a word or a group of words which is optional.

For Example:
The red apple on the black box.
Could be:
The Washington apple on the table.
All modifiers are controlled by the word of apple.
WHAT IS THE HEAD?
WHAT IS THE HEAD?

 A word that controls the other words, the modifiers.

 A word that conveys a central piece of information (Miller.

P.3)
The most important part of information.
WHAT IS MEANT BY CONTROLLING THE
OTHER WORDS?
For example:

The apple on the black box.

The word apple in that phrase controls the word the and the
phrase on the black box. So, apple is the head of the and
the black box.
WHAT IS MEANT BY A CENTRAL PIECE
OF INFORMATION?

A central piece of information is the most important part of

information

The apple on the black box.

The word apple is a central piece of information in that

phrase and it is the most important part of information.
VERB PHRASE
 A group of word that contain a head and modifier
 A head is a word that convey a central piece of
information.
 A modifier is a word that give an extra meaning.
EXAMPLES
 Will go
 Would have gone

 Would have been able to get

 Will kill

 Will be killed

 Will have been killed

2. VERB PHRASE
 The structure of verb phrase are classified into (1) the
head and (2) its constituent.
 The head in phrase is usually the main verb and the
others words are the auxilliaries as its constituent.
 All the members in verb phrase are a group of verb
which could consist of auxilliaries and main verb.
FE. I should have sent a message to my relative,
if he kept my cell phone.
the head is the word ‘’sent’
the constituents are the words ‘should and have’
which of both are the auxiliaries.
ADJECTIVE PHRASE
 A group of word that contain a head and modifier
 A head is a word that convey a central piece of
information.
 A modifier is a word that give an extra meaning.
EXAMPLES
 Very good
 Very kind

 Very beautiful

 Very happy

 Extremely happy

 Extremely happy to be here

ADVERB PHRASE
 A group of word that contain a head and modifier
 A head is a word that convey a central piece of
information.
 A modifier is a word that give an extra meaning.
EXAMPLES

In the context
Desy speaks fast
 Very fast

 Extremely fast

Don’ t get confused with

Desy eats fast food
in this sentence fast is an adjective
3. ADVERB PHRASE
 Adverb Phrase is a group of words that consist of adverb or
adjective as the head and its constituent or adverb as the
modifier and other adverb the head (for example: extremely
fast).
 The head of adverb phrase is an adjective that control the
other word or the head of the adverb is the adverb and the
constituent are also the adverb.
 The constituent is a word which might be an adverb of degree.

FE. Desy dances extremely fast. (adverb + adverb)

Desy dances very good. (adverb + adjective).
the heads are the word both ‘fast’ and ‘good’.
the constituents are the word ‘extremely’ and ‘very,’ which
function as an intensifier.
DON’T GET CONFUSED WITH
 Desy is at the library.
The constituent of at the library is the preposition phrase
which function as the complement of the subject. So, the
pattern is ;
S (Desy) + V (is) + C (at the library)
 Desy stays at the library.

The constituent of at the library is the preposition phrase

which function as the adverb of the sentence. So, the pattern
is;
S (Desy) + V (stays) + A (at the library)
So, they are not adverb phrase or adverbial phrase.
THEORY OF ADVERB
 Adverb is a word that modify verbs,
Desy dances beautifully.
 Adverb is a word that modify adjective,

Desy dances very good.

 Adverb is a word that modify other adverbs,

Desy dances very fast.

(I like fast food; Adj + Noun)
 Adverb is a word or a series of words that modify the
whole sentence.
Sometimes, I went to Bali.
At the moment, she is in Bali.
If I have some money, I will go to Bali.
PREPOSITION PHRASE
 A group of word that contain a head and modifier
 A head is a word that convey a central piece of
information.
 A modifier is a word that give an extra meaning.
EXAMPLE
 At the field
 Inside the bottle

 For me

 For my family

 On a table
4. PREPOSITION PHRASE
 Preposition phrase is a group of word that consists of a
preposition as the head and its constituent.
 Most the constituent of the preposition is the noun
phrase.
 The constituent in the preposition phrase could be
substituted by any other constituent, while the head
could not be substituted.
FE. I swim at the beach.
The apple is on the table.
She stays at the library.
He is in his room.
At the moment, she is writing a letter.