THE CALVIN CYCLE

OBJECTIVES :

1. Summarise the main events of Calvin cycle.

2. Explain what happen to those compounds made in Calvin cycle.

3. Explain how environmental factors influences photosynthesis.

Second set of reactions in photosynthesis involves biochemical reaction
known as the Calvin cycle .

So what is Calvin cycle ?

Is the pathway which produce organic compounds , by using
the energy stored in ATP and NADPH during light dependant
reactions .

CARBON FIXATION BY CALVIN CYCLE

CO₂ are bounded or fixed into organic compound by process

called carbon fixation .

Carbon fixation: incorporation of CO₂ into organic compound

that occurred in stroma.
Ribulose 1,5-
CO₂ diffuse into stroma from
bisphosphate cytosol , an enzyme combine
(RuBP) CO₂ with five carbon sugar
called RuBP to produce a six
carbon molecule then
immediately split into two
three carbon molecule known
as PGA

 phosphoglyceric acid (PGA).

PGA is converted into two

another three carbon
molecule PGAL :
1. Each PGA receive a
Phosphoglyceraldehyde phosphate group from
ATP
2. Then receive a proton
Most PGAL is converted back into RuBP . And this from NADPH and
reaction require phosphate group from another release phosphate to
produce PGAL .
molecule of ATP which is changed into ADP .by
This reaction produce ADP,
regenerating the RuBP that was consumed in step 1 . NADP⁺, phosphate
LIGHT DEPENDANT AND LIFGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION :
The balance sheet for photosynthesis :
• Each turn of Calvin cycle fix one molecule of CO₂.

• PGAL is a three carbon molecule so it needs three

turn of cycle to produce one PGAL.

• For each turn of cycle two ATP with another extra

ATP and two NADPH are needed.

• So at the end 9 ATP are converted to 9 ADP with

6 NADPH are converted to 6 NADP.
Carbohydrate
CO₂ + H₂O + light energy (CH₂O) + O₂
Glucose
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS