CPT 2 .Intro. To Networking

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
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INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
LEARNING OUTCOME
2.1 Remember basic concept and elements of
computer network
2.2 Apply the fundamental types of networks
2.3 Understand network classification
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DEFINATION OF COMPUTER NETWORK
 Network is a SERIES of POINT or NODES

interconnected by communication paths.
 Networks can interconnect with other networks and
contain subnetworks.
 network is a group of two or more computer systems
linked together
 There two types of network:
 Peer-to-Peer Networks
 Client-Server Networks
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DEFINATION OF COMPUTER NETWORK
 A computer network is a group of computers that

shares information across wireless or wired
technology.
 Computer networking requires ……………., a
……………. and the …………… to connect them.
 There are …………….. of computer network
 LAN
 MAN
 WAN
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There two types of network
Peer-to-Peer Networks
Client-Server Networks
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PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS
 There are no servers or hierarchy among the
computers.
 Normally each computer serves Client/Server
 There is no one assigned to be an adminstrator
responsible for the entire network.
 Good choices for needs of small organizations where:
 the users are allocated in the same general area
 security is not an issue and the organization the
network will have limited growth
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PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKS
Peer to Peer
Network
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FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF NETWORKS cont..
 Refers to the concept of sharing the work involved in

processing data between the client computer and the
most powerful server computer.
 The most efficient way to provide:
 Databases and management of applications such as
spreadsheets
 Accounting, communications and document
management
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CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK cont…
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ELEMENTS OF CLIENT/SERVER NETWORKS:
 CLIENT SERVER
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA NETWORK OS
 NETWORK DEVICES BACKBONE
 SEGMENT TOPOLOGY
 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD(NIC)
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ELEMENTS OF CLIENT/SERVER NETWORKS cont…
CLIENT
 The client–server model is a computing model that
acts as a service requesters.
 A client does not share any of its resources, but
requests a server's content or service function
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SERVER
 The client–server model is a computing model that
acts as a distributed application which partitions
tasks or workloads between the providers of a
resource or service.
 A server machine is ………….. that is running one or
more server programs which ……….. their
resources with clients
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Network Interface Card

 In computer networking, a NIC provides the
hardware interface between a computer and a
network .
 A NIC technically is network adapter hardware in the
form factor of an add-in card such as a PCI, PCI
Express, Wireless NIC card or On-Board NIC and
USB NIC.
 All NICs feature a speed rating such as 11 Mbps,
54 Mbps or 100 Mbps that suggest the general
performance of the unit.
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Network Interface Card cont…
 PCI NIC  PCI EXPRESS NIC
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 WIRELESS NIC  ON-BOARD NIC
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 USB NIC
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WORKSTATION
 Workstation refers to any computer connected to a
local-area network. It could be a workstation or a personal
computer.
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

 runs on a server and enables the server to manage
data, users, groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions
 designed to allow shared file and printer
access among multiple computers in a network
 Is generally reserved for software that enhances a basic
operating system by adding networking features.
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NETWORK DEVICES
 Computer networking devices are also called network
equipment.
 Also known as communication devices and they
constitute a data communication network
 The example of connectivity devices is modems,
repeaters, bridges, routers and gateways.
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NETWORK DEVICES cont..
REPEATER
O Increasing the signals energy
O Network repeater regenerate incoming electrical,
wireless or optical signals.
O With physical media like Ethernet or Wi-Fi, data
transmissions can only span a limited distance before
the quality of the signal degrades.
O Repeaters attempt to preserve signal integrity and
extend the distance over which data can safely travel.
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HUB / SWITCH
O Centralizing connection for
all network devices.
O Repeaters attempt to
preserve signal integrity
and …………………….. over
which data can safely
travel.
HUB / SWITCH
O Sending packets using MAC

address
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NETWORK DEVICES
cont..
ROUTER
O forwarding packets in the
network using MAC and IP
address
O device that forwards data
packets between computer
networks.
O A router is connected to
two or more data lines
from different networks
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BRIDGE
O connecting or more different networks for communication
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GATEWAYS
O A network gateway is an internetworking system capable
of joining two networks together.
O On home networks, a broadband router typically serves
as the network gateway.
O The internet is a lot of individual networks connected
together. The point of connection can be a gateway.
O To access a network, you need to know its gateway and
all data going out passes through the gateway.
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MODEM
O Allow computers to communicate over a telephone line
O Enable communication between networks or connecting
to the world beyond the LAN.
O An electronic device (Modulator/Demodulator) for
converting between serial data. Sending end: MODulate
the computer’s digital signal into analog signal and
transmits. Receiving end: DEModulate the analog signal
back into digital form.
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BACKBONE
 is a ………… conduit designed to transfer network traffic
at high speeds.
 Network backbones are …………… to maximize the
…………… and ………………... of large-scale,
……………….. data communications.
 Backbones typically consist of network ……….. and
………… connected by ……………... or …………
cables.
 Computers normally do …………….. to a backbone
…………… but computers access the backbone
indirectly.
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BACKBONE
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SEGMENT
 A segment is a specially-configured subset of a
larger network.
 The boundaries of a network segment are
established by devices capable of regulating the
flow of packetc into and out of the segment,
including routers, switches, hubs, bridges.
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SEGMENT
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Hardware Sharing
 Network facilitate the sharing of hardware
devices. For example, instead of giving each of 10
employees in a department, one printer can be
placed on the network for everyone to share.
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TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 Describes the type of physical system used to carry
a communication signal from one system to
another.
 Examples of transmission media include twisted-pair
cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable
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TOPOLOGY
 The shape of a local-area network (LAN) or other
communications system.
 Topologies are either physical or logical.
 Logical topology -the arrangement of devices on
a network and how they communicate with one
another.
 Physical topology - how devices are connected
to the network through the actual cables that
transmit data, or the physical structure of the
network
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NETWORK CLASSIFICATION
There are four types of network classification:
 Local Area Network (LAN)

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Global Area Network (GAN)
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NETWORK CLASSIFICATION cont..
 Usually confined such as a single building/college/ campus.

 Can be small, linking as few as three computers, but often
………………..of computers used by thousands of people.
 Size limited a few kilometers
 Use only one type of transmission medium.
 Common topologies ; bus, ring and star.
 Data rates : 4 to 10 Mbits per second (can reach 100 Mbps)
 intermediate nodes allow LANs to be connected together to
form larger LANs.
 may also be connected to another LAN or to WANs and
MAN’s using a “router”.
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 Refers to a network of computers with in a city.

 Designed to extend over an entire city.
 Resources may be shared LAN to LAN as well as
device to device
 Can be owned by a private company or it may
be a service provided by a public company,
such as local telephone company
 Example :WiMAX
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 Combines multiple LANs that are geographically separate.

 This is accomplished by connecting the different LANs using
services such as dial-up phone lines, satellite links, and data packet
carrier services.
 provides long distance transmission of data, voice, image and
video information over large geographic areas.
 Transmission rates : 2 Mbps, 34 Mbps, 45 Mbps, 155 Mbps, 625
Mbps (or sometimes considerably more).
 Examples : GSM, EDGE, 3G, 4G
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 Refers to a network composed of different

interconnected networks that cover an unlimited
geographical area.
 The broadband GAN is a global satellite Internet
network that uses portable terminals for telephony.
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INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING

 Network is a SERIES of POINT or NODES

 A computer network is a group of computers that

 Refers to the concept of sharing the work involved in

Network Interface Card

Network Interface Card cont…

 PCI NIC  PCI EXPRESS NIC

 WIRELESS NIC  ON-BOARD NIC

Network Interface Card cont…

NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

NETWORK DEVICES cont..

NETWORK DEVICES cont..

O Sending packets using MAC

NETWORK DEVICES cont..

NETWORK DEVICES cont..

There are four types of network classification:

 Local Area Network (LAN)

 Usually confined such as a single building/college/ campus.

 Refers to a network of computers with in a city.

 Combines multiple LANs that are geographically separate.

 Refers to a network composed of different

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