Week-8,9,10

 Introduction to Computer Networks

Applicationof Computer Network
 Host, Terminal, Client Server Network, Peer to Peer Network

 Networking Devices (NIC (Physical Address), Modem, Hub,

Switch & Router)

 Categories of Network
 Network Topology (Bus, Star, Ring and Mesh Topology)
 Bandwidth, Broadband & Baseband Communication
 Transmission Modes (Simplex, Half Duplex, & Full Duplex)
 Network
 A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected

by communication links.
 A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of
sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.
 A group of computers and other devices joint together through some
transmission medium is called Computer Network.

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 Why Computer Network?

To share information or receive a service via a network, or group of

members able to communicate with each other.

The concept of connected computers sharing resources is called

Networking.

Computer network that is part of network can share the following, Data,
Messages, Graphics, Printers, Modem, Fax machine & other Hardware
resources.

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 Applications of Networks

Resource Sharing
Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
Software (application software)
Information Sharing
Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
Search Capability (WWW)
Communication
Email
Message broadcast

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 What do you find on a Network?
 Client
 A computer which takes advantage of the services provided by servers on
the network.
 Client also called Front End computer.
 Server
 The computer which used and provide services & resources is called
Server.
 Server is also called Back End computer.

A Network with two Clients and one Server.

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 What do you find on a Network? (Cont’d)

 Client Server Network

 Server based network also called client-server network, containing Client &
the server that support them.
 The Web is known as a client-server system. Your computer is the client;
the remote computers that store electronic files are the servers.
Examples include file, print or communication servers.

     

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 What do you find on a Network? (Cont’d)
 Peer-to-Peer Network: - Peer-to-Peer or simply peer means the computer
which has both qualities as server as well as client.
 It means which both use & provide network resources.
 Peer network which have no servers & use the network to share resources
among independent peers.
 Users simply share disk space & resources, such as printers & faxes.

In a peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers.

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 Network Interface Card
 A computer is connected to the network cabling with a network
interface card, (also called a "NIC", "nick", or network adapter.
 Faster computers, like high-speed Pentiums, Dual Core, and Core 2
Duo or Core 2 Quad, often have 32-bit, 64-bit or PCI slots.
 These PCs require 32-bit NICs to achieve the fastest networking
speeds possible for speed-critical applications like desktop video,
multimedia, publishing, and databases.

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 Network Interface Card (Cont’d)

 Physical address: - It is also known as link address.

 The physical addresses have authority over the network (LAN & WAN).
 Ethernet uses a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12 hexadecimal
digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon.
 The first 6 Hexa-decimal digits of a Mac address contain a manufacturer,
identification (vender code) also known as the organizationally unique
identifier (OUT). The last 6 digit are given by each vender and often the
represents the interface serial no.
 On most LAN interface card the MAC address is burned into ROM. It is
only used for LAN communication.

07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

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 Network Interface Card (Cont’d)

 Example:
 In Figure, a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with
physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus
topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with physical address
10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the
receiver.

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 MODEM
 MODEM short for modulator/demodulator.
 The modem is necessary because the phone network transmits audio, not
data bits.
 The modem is for compatibility with existing equipment.
 Modulation is a prescribed method of encoding digital (or analog) signals
onto a waveform (the carrier signal).
 Once encoded, the original signal may be recovered by an inverse process
called demodulation.

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 HUB
 HUB is a common connection point for devices in a network.
 The benefits of HUB used in a network is that if a cable break on a
network, the break cable node will only affected and not affect on
the rest of network.
 HUB internally uses BUS topology.
 Network can be easily expanded using Hubs.
 Active Hub: - A HUB that regenerate and retransmit signals are
called Active Hub.
 Active HUB is also called multi-port repeater.
 Active HUB requires electrical Power to run.
 Passive HUB: - A HUB that do not regenerate and do not
retransmit signals are called Passive HUB.
 Passive HUB do not require electrical power to run.

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 Connector RJ-45
 The standard connector for twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45
connector. This is a plastic connector that looks like a large
telephone-style connector.
 Cable used as a medium to carry the signal.
 Coaxial Cable
 Twisted-Pair Cable
 Fiber-optic Cable

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 Categories of Networks
Today when we speak, we are generally referring the primary
categories LAN, MAN and WAN.
The category into which a network falls is determined by
Technology,
its Size,
Standard Port & Media.

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 Local Area Network
 A Local Area Network can connect many types of computing devices
together such as microcomputers, minicomputers and switches.
 A LAN is usually privately owned links the devices in a single office,
building, or campus.
 Depending on the need of organization and the type of technology used.
 A LAN can be as simple as two PCs and a printer in someone’s home
office, or it extend throughout a company and include voice, sound, and
video peripherals. Currently LAN size is limited to a few kilometers.
Ethernet, token ring

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 Local Area Network (Cont’d)

 It has two main components Hardware & Software.

 Network hardware includes NIC, Hub, Switch, Medium, Connectors
(RJ-45).
 Network software includes, Protocols (TCP/IP), Network services.
 It usually uses cable (coaxial, twisted pair or fiber) but may use
radio waves, infrared or micro waves.
 It is used by a single organization.

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 Metropolitan Area Network
 A high speed (100Mbps) network which spans city distances. or
 It may be a single network such as a cable television network, or
 It may be a means of connecting a number of LANs into a larger
network, so that resources may be shared LAN-to-LAN as well as
device-to-device. FDDI, ATM

A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.

 Many telephone companies provided a popular MAN service called
Switched Multi-megabit Data Service (SMDS). It is a service for
handling high-speed communication for metropolitan area network.

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 Wide Area Network
 WAN: - The network between different cities, countries or in the world
using WAN standard port & routing technology is called WAN.
 A WAN is a network that covers a large geographical area using
communication channel that combines many types of media such as telephone
lines, cables & radio waves.
 The Internet is the worlds largest WAN.
 They use data lines which belong to a third party service provider such as
the telephone company.
 They require special interfaces to the data lines such as synchronous
modems & routers.
 Routing technology is a crucial component of a WAN. Routers decide how a
packet should be sent in order that it arrives at its intended destination.

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 Network Topology

The network topology is the shape or the physical connectivity

Of the network.

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 Bus Topology
 A bus topology is a multipoint. One long cable acts as a backbone to
link to the entire device in a network.
 In this topology all the computers are connected in a series to one
cable.

 Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop-line and tap.

 A drop-line is a connection running b/w the device and main cable.
 A tap is a connector that either splices into the main cable to
create a contact with the metallic core.

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 Star Topology
 In star topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point link
only to the central controller, usually called HUB.

 In star topology communication with a central HUB that resend

the message either to all the computers
(in a broadcast star network) or only to the destination computer
(in a switch star network).
 The devices are not directly linked to one another. The controller
acts as an exchange, if one device want to send data to another,
it send the data to the controller, which than relays the data to
the other connected device.
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 Ring Topology
 In ring topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point
connection with only to the two devices on either side of it.

A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to

device, until it reaches its destination.
 Each device in the ring incorporates the repeater, when a device
receives a signal intended for another device; its repeater generates

the bit and passes them along.

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 Mesh Topology
 In mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point
link to every other device.

 The term dedicated means that link carries traffic only b/w two
devices it connects.
 So we need n (n-1) physical link, however, if physical link allow
communication in both direction (duplex mode), we can divide the no;
of links by 2.
In other words we can say that in mesh topology we need n (n-1)/2
duplex mode links.
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 Bandwidth, Baseband & Broadband Transmission
 Bandwidth refers to the way of allocating the capacity of
transmission media.
 The total media capacity or bandwidth can be divided into
channels.
 A channel is simply a portion of the bandwidth that can be used for
transmitting data.
 The two ways of allocating the capacity of bounded transmission
media are the following.
 Base band transmission
 These transmissions use the entire media bandwidth for a single
channel. Base band is commonly used for digital signaling. It can
also be used for analog signals. Most LANs use base band signaling.

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 Baseband & Broadband Transmission (Cont’d)

 Broadband transmission: - These transmissions provide the ability

to divide the entire media bandwidth into multiple channels.
 Since each channel can carry a different analog signals, broad band
network support multiple simultaneous conversion over a single
transmission medium.

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 Topics
 Internet
 Intranet vs Extranet
 Internet Service Provider
 Internet Address
 World Wide Web
 Web Browser
 URL
 Domain Name System
 Protocols
 Bluetooth
 Wi-fi

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 Internet
 A network of networks in which user of any computer can get
information from other computer, if they have permission.
 The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer
networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP)
to serve billions of users worldwide.
 It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and
public, academic, business, and government networks of local to
global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and
optical networking technologies.
 The specific world wide network.
 The most notable internet is called Internet, in which connect more
than hundreds of thousands interconnected networks.

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 Intranet
 An Intranet is an organization network,
 that uses Internet protocols, network connectivity to securely
share part of an organization information or operation with its
employee.
 An intranet belonging to an organization, usually a corporation,
accessible only by the organization's members, employees, or
others with authorization.

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 Extranet
 An Extranet is designed to connect the offices of a large
organization situated in metropolitan area.
 Extranet is simply an external network.
 Intranet is accessible only to people who are members of the
same company or organization,
 An extranet provides various levels of accessibility to
outsiders like a company with its customers, suppliers, or other
business partners.
 You can access an extranet only if you have a valid username
and password.
 Extranets are becoming a very popular means for business
partners to exchange information.

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 Internet Service Provider
 Internet has linked numerous LANs into huge network.
 The LANs and computer connected to internet is maintained by
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
 ISP sells internet services to netizen.
 Today most end users who want Internet connection use the
services of ISPs.
 There are :
 International ISPs,
 National ISPs,
 Regional ISPs and
 Local ISPs.

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 Internet Service Provider (Cont’d)

 The International ISPs that connect nations together.

 The National ISPs are backbone networks created and maintained by

specialized companies.
 The Regional ISPs are smaller ISPs that are connected to one or more
national ISPs.
 The Local ISPs provide direct services to the end users.
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 Internet Service Provider (Cont’d)

 ISP (Internet Service Provider) List of Pakistan

 ISP City Website
 Asia Net Lahore www.asia.net.pk
 Brain Net Karachi, Lahore www.brain.net.pk
 Click Online Peshawar www.click.net.pk
 Comsats Islamabad, Karachi www.comsats.net.pk
 Cyber Access Karachi www.cyberaccess.com.pk
 Cyber Net Karachi www.cyber.net.pk
 Dancom Online Karachi www.dancom.com.pk
 Excel Net Islamabad www.excel-xl.net
 Expert Net Okara www.xpert.net.pk
 Iqra Net Peshawar www.iqranet.net
 Micro Net Islamabad www.micro.net.pk

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 Internet Address
 Every computer on the Internet has a unique Internet address
(similar to telephone number), which can be accessed any other
computer by dialing to the other IP address.
 The existing version now-e-days IP VER-4.
 Static IP addresses
 When a computer uses the same IP address every time it connects
to the network, it is known as a Static IP address. In contrast.
 Dynamic IP addresses
 In situations when the computer's IP address changes frequently
(such as when a user logs on to a network through dialup), it is
called a Dynamic IP address

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 World Wide Web
 WWW
 The World Wide Web (commonly abbreviated as "the Web") is a system of
interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet
 Introduced in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee
 Allows computer users to locate and view multimedia-based documents
 It allows users to explore and retrieve text and graphics from web
sites.
 Transferring text and graphics simultaneously
 Client/Server data transfer protocol
 Uses:
 Applications, E-mail, Product Display, Catalogs, Order placement
 W3C
 Founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee
 Devoted to developing non-proprietary and interoperable
technologies for the World Wide Web and making the Web
universally accessible

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 World Wide Web (Cont’d)
 Web site
 A web site is a collection of web pages with some common
ownership
 Like books, Web sites contain information and consist of pages.
 A Web site may consist of many pages or just a single page.
 Web page
 A World Wide Web page
 The individual pages that make up a Web site.
 You can view a single Web page at a time.
 Home page
 When accessing a Web site, the first page displayed is usually the Home
page. Often, like a book’s table of contents, it gives information about
what is available on that site.
 This is simply the first page displayed when you connect to the
Internet, or, the starting point of your Internet session.

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 Web Browser
 Application Software that allows users to view Web content such as
text, images, videos, music, games and other information located on a
web page at a web site on the www. Or
 A program on a computer that accepts requests for information,
process the requests and allows you to navigate to resources on the
Internet.
 Microsoft Internet Explorer
 Mozilla Firefox
 Netscape Navigator
 Google Chrome
 Web browsers were introduced by companies like Mozilla,
Netscape, and Microsoft. More recently, Google entered the
browser market.
 On the Web, you navigate--commonly known as browsing or surfing

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 Web Browser (Cont’d)
 Hyperlinks/ Links
 One way to navigate the WWW is by clicking on a link.
 A link is an area of a Web page that, when you click on it, will take
you from the page you are presently viewing to another page either
within the same site or to an entirely different site.
 Links can be anything on a page.
 Examples:
 Graphical or textual elements
 Underlined text; Images; color varies but is often blue, Objects in
motion etc

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 URL
 Uniform Resource Locator is a fancy term for the address of a World
Wide Web page or other resource.
 Used to identify web pages
 Example: http://www.vbs.com/welcome/main.html
Protocol Hostname File Path
 The first part is protocol “http://”
 Second is host name (name.domain name) or is the Fully Qualified
Domain Name (FQDN).
 This name identifies the web site containing the page.
 The term “FQDN" refers to a complete website or other computer's
name on the Internet.
 The term "domain name" usually refers only to the last part of the
host name, in this case “vbs.com”, which has been registered for that
particular company's exclusive use.
 The 3rd part of the URL “welcome/main.html” is the path at which
this particular web page is located on the web server.
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 Domain Name System
 DNS server translate symbolic name (such as www.upesh.edu.pk)
www.upesh.edu.pk
into numerical IP address.
 Symbolic names are a great convenience because they are easier
to remember than numerical addresses.
 Domain Name System (DNS) is a database which keeps track of
computer’s names and their corresponding IP addresses on the
Internet.
 It’s like a phone book.
 DNS helps users to find their way around the Internet.
 http://www.google.com here the domain name is google. Com
 The www is not necessary and most commercial sites register
their name both with and without it.
 ICANN, is responsible for managing and coordinating the DNS.

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 Domain Name System (Cont’d)

 The .edu is the top level domain – the top level in which a site
wants to register.
 The second level domain is typically the company or brand name
for most marketers.
. (root)

Top-level
org edu gov com Domains

uci.edu toronto.edu

math.toronto.edu ece.toronto.edu

neon.ece.toronto.edu

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 Domain Name System (Cont’d)

.com it is used for commercial websites.

They earn money from advertisements e.g. www.yahoo.com
.edu it is used for educational websites e.g. www.lums.edu.pk

.gov Government institutions www.hec.gov

.org Non-profit organizations

.mil Used for military websites e.g. www.usa.mil

.net Networking organizations. It represents an organization that is

working on network
.ca Canada
.th Thailand

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 Protocols
 A communication protocol is set of rules that control data
communication.
 The protocol determine the following:
 The types of errors
 How the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a
message.
 How the receiving device will indicate that it has received a
message.

 A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is communicated,

and when it is communicated.

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 Protocols Cont’d

 http://
 HTTP is the protocol that supports communication between web
browsers and web servers.
 The heart of the Web
 Protocol for client/server communication
 Very simple request/response protocol
 Client sends request message,

 server replies with response message

 Stateless
 Do not confuse this with the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).
HTML is a language used to write web pages.

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 Protocols (Cont’d)

 FTP
 FTP is the standard mechanism provides for a copying a file from
one host to another.
 SMTP
 SMTP is used for transferring electronic mail.
 SMTP connects to remote machines and transfer mail message
 POP
 POP is an older method used by programs Netscape to send and
receive email from and to a mail server.

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