Chapter 3 Supplement

Acceptance Sampling
 Chapter Outline

 Single-Sample Attribute Plan

 Operating Characteristic Curve
 Developing a Sampling Plan with Grubb’s Table
 Concept of Average Outgoing Quality
 Introduction to Double - and Multiple-Sampling
Plans

Supplement 4-2
Acceptance Sampling

 Accepting or rejecting a production

lot based on the number of defects
in a sample

Supplement 4-3
 Single–Sample
Attribute Plan
Single sampling plan
N = lot size
n = sample size (random)
c = acceptance number
d = number of defective items in sample
If d ≤ c, accept lot; else reject

Supplement 4-4
 Producer’s and
Consumer’s Risk
 AQL or acceptable quality level
 proportion defect the customer will accept a
given lot
 LTPD or lot tolerance percent defective
 limit on the number of defectives the
customer will accept
  or producer’s risk
 probability of rejecting a good lot
 β or consumer’s risk
 probability of accepting a bad lot

Supplement 4-5
Producer’s and
Consumer’s Risk (cont.)
Accept Reject
Good Lot

Type I Error
No Error
Producer’ Risk
Bad Lot

Type II Error
No Error
Consumer’s Risk

Sampling Errors

Supplement 4-6
Hypergeometric distribution:
Probability of no. of defectives x in a sample of n
for total defectives D in population of N

Binomial distribution:

for proportion defective of p in lot

Poisson distribution:

for proportion defective of p in lot

Supplement 4-7
Supplement 4-8
 Operating Characteristic
(OC) Curve
 shows probability of accepting lots of
different quality levels for a specific
sampling plan
 assists management to discriminate
between good and bad lots
 exact shape and location of the curve is
defined by the sample size (n) and
acceptance level (c) for the sampling
plan

Supplement 4-9
OC Curve (cont.)
1.00 –
 = 0.05

0.80 –
Probability of acceptance, Pa

0.60 – OC curve for n and c

0.40 –

0.20 –

 = 0.10
| | | | | | | | | |
– 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
Proportion defective
AQL LTPD

Supplement 4-10
Supplement 4-11
Supplement 4-12
Grubb’s Table

Supplement 4-13
Find a single sampling plan that satisfies a producer's risk of 5%
for lots that are 1.5% nonconforming.

Supplement 4-14
Of the three plans shown, n = 220,
c — 6 provides the best protection
to the
consumer because it has the lowest
probability of accepting poor
quality lots. However,
we must also consider the
increased inspection costs
associated with this plan

Supplement 4-15
Find a single sampling plan that will satisfy a consumer's risk of
10% for lots that are 8% nonconforming.

Supplement 4-16
 All three pass through
the point (p2, b), thus satisfying the
consumer's stipulation. The degree
of protection
for extremely good batches, as far
as the producer is concerned, is
different. The plan
n = 132, c = 6 will reject good
batches (say, 1% nonconforming)
the least frequently

Supplement 4-17
Find a single sampling plan that satisfies a producer's risk of 5% for
lots that are 1.8% nonconforming, and a consumer's risk of 10% for
lots that are 9% nonconforming.

Supplement 4-18
Supplement 4-19
Given that the target value of p2 (the specified LQL) is 0.09, we find plan 2's value of
p2 = 0.0879 is closer to the target value than plan l's value 0.1183.
If our selection criteria calls for meeting the producer's stipulation exactly and
closely meeting the consumer‘s stipulation, we would choose plan 2.

Note that plan 2 is a little more stringent than our goal.

Supplement 4-20
Another criterion we could use to select a sampling plan is to choose the one
with the smallest sample size in order to minimize inspection costs. Of the four
candidates plan 1 would be selected with n = 45, c = 2. This plan satisfies the
producer's stipulation exactly.

Supplement 4-21
 Developing another Sampling
Plan

ABC Company produces mugs in

lots of 10,000. Performance
measures for quality of mugs sent
to stores call for a producer’s risk
of 0.05 with an AQL of 1%
defective and a consumer’s risk of
0.10 with a LTPD of 5% defective. N = 10,000 n=?
What size sample and what α = 0.05 c=?
acceptance number should ABC
use to achieve performance β = 0.10
measures called for in the AQL = 1%
sampling plan? LTPD = 5%

Supplement 4-22
 Average Outgoing
Quality (AOQ)

 Expected number of defective items

that will pass on to customer with a
sampling plan
 Average outgoing quality limit
(AOQL)
 maximum point on the curve
 worst level of outgoing quality
Supplement 4-24
AOQ Curve

AOQL 1.39%

Supplement 4-25
 Double Sampling Plans

 Take small initial sample

 If # defective < lower limit, accept
 If # defective > upper limit, reject
 If # defective between limits, take second
sample
 Accept or reject based on 2 samples
 Less costly than single-sampling plans

Supplement 4-26
Supplement 4-27
 Multiple Sampling Plans

 Uses smaller sample sizes

 Take initial sample
 If # defective < lower limit, accept
 If # defective > upper limit, reject
 If # defective between limits, resample
 Continue sampling until accept or reject
lot based on all sample data
Supplement 4-28