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Feedback Control System
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Block Diagram Representation
Example – Surge Tank
Consider a surge tank process in which the feed flow rate (q1) is a
disturbance variable D, the exit flow rate (q) is the manipulated
variable U and the height (h) is the controlled variable Y
q1 hsp
h hm
LT LC
h p
I/P
pT
q
#1 - Process
The Surge Tank Mass Balance gives: = q1 – q
Hu’(s)
Q’(s) Gp(s) = K1/s
Hd’(s) +
Q1’(s) Gd(s) = K2/s + H’(s)
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#2 - Composition Sensor-Transmitter (Analyzer)
We assume that the dynamic behavior of the composition sensor-
transmitter can be approximated by a first-order transfer function.
Km
H 'm (s) G m (s)H ' (s) where: G m (s)
ms 1
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#3 - Controller
We assume that an electronic PID controller is used, acting on the error
between the setpoint and the level measurement. The transfer function for
a PID controller is given by:
' 1
P (s) G c (s) E(s) where: Gc ( s ) K c 1 D s
Is
1
E(s) G c (s) K c 1 D s P’(s)
Is
KIP =
= = 0.75 psi/mA
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#5 - Control Valve
Control valves are usually designed so that the flow rate through the valve
is a nearly linear function of the signal to the valve actuator. Therefore, a
first-order transfer function is an adequate model.
Kv
Q ' (s) G v (s)Pt' (s) where: G v (s)
vs 1
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Block Diagram Representation
The overall closed loop response for the surge tank problem
can be represented by the following block diagram.
Q1 (s) H d (s)
G d (s)
(s )
H sp E(s) P (s) Pt (s) Q(s) H u (s ) H (s)
G c (s) K IP G v (s) G p (s)
H m (s)
G m (s)
1. Summer
2. Comparator
Ym
Gm
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Closed-loop transfer function for a set point change, D = 0:
Y K mGc Gv G p
Ysp 1 Gc Gv G p Gm
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General Stability Criteria
• Most industrial processes are stable without feedback
control. Thus, they are said to be open-loop stable or self-
regulating.
• An open-loop stable process will return to the original
steady state after a transient disturbance (one that is not
sustained) occurs.
• By contrast there are a few processes, such as exothermic
chemical reactors, that can be open-loop unstable.
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Stability of Closed-Loop Systems
• A linear closed-loop dynamic system is stable if the output
is bounded for a bounded input.
• Stability can be determined by examining the roots of the
characteristic equation (poles of system transfer function):
Y K mG cG vG p Y Gd
Ysp 1 G c G v G p G m D 1 G cG vG pG m
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Stability of Closed-Loop Systems
Method 1 – Solve for roots of characteristic equation
• Analytical methods can be used for first or second order
characteristic equations.
• For higher order equations, numerical methods are used
(e.g., root solving routine in Matlab).
s=- ± /2
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Stability of Closed-Loop Systems
Method 2 – Routh Stability Test
• Write characteristic equation in polynomial form:
a n s n a n 1s n 1 a n 2 s n 2 ... a 1s a o 0
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Stability of Closed-Loop Systems
Method 2 – Routh Stability Test (continued)
• For higher order systems (n > 2), the Routh Array is
constructed
a n s n a n 1s n 1 a n 2 s n 2 ... a 1s a o 0
ba a n 1b 3
Stability Criteria - A system is stable if all
c 2 1 n 5 elements in the first column are positive.
b1
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Stability of Closed-Loop Systems
Method 3 – Direct Substitution Method
• Set s = j in the characteristic equation
• Solve for Kcm and wc
(a) one equation for real part
(b) one equation for imaginary part
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Stability of Closed-Loop Systems
Method 3 – Direct Substitution Method (continued)