9 Gems Activity

Olympics
Made by Hemang Singhal, from 7A
Subjects : Art & Crafts, ICT, Science, Math, English, Social Science
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Olympics
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 Cycling

9 Gems Activity of Science & Math!

 Science Behind Cycling
Science

Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation,
exercise or sport. People engaged in cycling are referred to as "cyclists", "bicyclists", or "bikers“.
Bicycles are used by millions of people for various activities such as commuting, racing, working
out, fun, delivering, etc. The bicycle is used worldwide, across nations of all sizes and people of
various ages.
What might be the science Behind Cycling?
Researchers around the world have stated that riding a cycle is more of a science than an art. In
fact, riding a bicycle is incredibly complicated, where both the rider and the bike play a critical
role in the process. Instead of using gasoline or diesel fuel like motorized vehicles, bicycles turn
our energy, created by our bodies, into kinetic energy. The kinetic energy created is then used to
move the bike. With the cycle if you're going uphill, you need to work against the force
of gravity. Sometimes there are bumps in the road you have to ride over; that takes more force
and uses energy too. The primary external forces on the bike are gravity, ground, friction, rolling
resistance, and air resistance. There is a theory called
gyroscopic theory based on how a bicycle doesn’t fall
while moving. In the theory it is explained how the
spinning wheel provides enough stability to stop the
bicycle from falling
 Science Behind Cycling
Science

There are 2 main phases of the pedal cycle; the power phase and the recovery phase. If you
imagine the pedal cycle as a clock face and you start with the pedal at 12 o'clock, this is known
as Top Dead Centre (TDC). The pedal is then pushed down from 12 until 6 o'clock, this position is
known as Bottom Dead Centre (BDC). The phase between the 2 is known as the Power Phase
where all the force is generally generated to propel the bike forward. The transition from BDC
back up to TDC is known as the Recovery Phase. Now not all of the muscles just switch of during
this phase, it just is not as active as the Power Phase.
Motion of wheel of a bicycle is circular motion and can be rectilinear motion if the cycle is going
on a straight path and can be periodic motion if the cycle has a consistent speed. Cycle
brakes are designed around a brake pad that creates friction with a braking surface located on
the cycle's wheel. The brake pad is pushed against the surface when the wheel is in motion.
When pressure is applied at the brake lever, the force of friction also increases.
 Math Behind Cycling Math

What might be the Math Behind Cycling?

•While calculating the speed of the cycle or the average speed, math is used!
To calculate average speed, divide the total distance traveled by the total time. For example,
suppose a cyclist travels 32 kilometers during the first 2 hours. Then, the cyclist travels 13
kilometers during the next hour. The average speed of the cyclist is the total distance divided by
the total time.
•Even when we are measuring the angle of the cyclist, math is used. A rider can benefit from
proper positioning on a bicycle. A right angle, is also the strongest.
•Even the bar graphs or the pie charts can help in analyzing speed, distance, etc.
•The weight of the cycle and things on the cycle matters the speed! The more the weight, the
slower the cycle will be! The lesser the weight, the faster will be the cycle! Math will also be
used in calculating the weight.
 Math Behind Cycling Math

•While calculating the power required to achieve a given speed.

•While calculating the practice time a day/week/month/year, etc., math is used.
•While cycling against the wind, to calculate the time taken to reach a specific distance, is
measured by math.
For eg. The wind speed is 15kmph(consistently) and a boy is cycling against the wind. The boy is
cycling at the speed of 35kmph(consistently). How much time will he take to reach 2 km?
So for this we will solve it as a word problem:
Speed of the cycle= 35 km/h
Speed of wind= 15 km/h
Boy is cycling against the wind
35km/h-15km/h=20km/h
1km=1/20hr = 3mins
2km=(1x2)/20hr= 6mins
∴ The boy will take 6mins to travel 2km when the wind speed is 15kmph(consistently) and he
is riding the bicycle at 35kmph(consistently).
 Math Behind Cycling
Let us understand better with some images & diagrams!
Math

There are angles in bicycle frames as shown in the diagrams above.

A rider can benefit from proper positioning on a bicycle. A right angle of the upper body, is also
the strongest. The measuring of angle comes under Mathematics!
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A T H L E T E A Y J J A V E L I N L
A V A O L Y O P Z I Q R L K A M Q T
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M V N I E E F M J U M P I N G Z P A O
I H Y N G T F D Z V A I S T T W I A L
N X U G G I D V Y J R C C W Z S C R V
T W N J U C E F S N A S U K Y P S L E
O U Y E D S P R I N T O S S Q O A E D
N R U N N I N G R Z H A M M E R V A
Z Y Q W S Z Z B A T O N U U V T A A
S R D E C A T H L O N O R O Y S Z Y
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Words to come in the word search

Athletics Baton
Olympics Marathon
Paralympics Sprint
Javelin Decathlon
Athlete Discus
Sports Throw
Tiring Hammer
Running Badminton
Jumping Relay
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S A T O F D A E A B P B H E M P A
A T H L E T E A Y J J A V E L I N L
A V A O L Y O P Z I Q R L K A M Q T
T H R O W A T O B A P A Q W X W O P
B H E T O T H T C N P L X M I Q L H S
A T L I X H B S J C S Y R I M S Y H
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M V N I E E F M J U M P I N G Z P A
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N X U G G I D V Y J R C C W Z S C R E
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N R U N N I N G R Z H A M M E R V A
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S R D E C A T H L O N O R O Y S Z Y
SSC
Olympics
•1896  Athens, Greece
•1900  Paris, France Host City of Olympics
•1904  St. Louis, United States
•1908  London, England
•1912  Stockholm, Sweden
•1920  Antwerp, Belgium
•1924  Paris, France
•1928  Amsterdam, Netherlands
•1932  Los Angeles, United States
•1936  Berlin, Germany
•1948  London, England
•1952  Helsinki, Finland
•1956  Melbourne, Australia
•1960  Rome, Italy
•1964  Tokyo, Japan
•1968  Mexico City, Mexico
•1972  Munich, West Germany
•1976  Montreal, Canada
•1980  Moscow, Soviet Union
•1984  Los Angeles, United States
•1988  Seoul, South Korea
•1992  Barcelona, Spain
•1996  Atlanta, United States
•2000  Sydney, Australia
•2004  Athens, Greece
•2008  Beijing, China
•2012  London, England
•2016  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
•2020  Tokyo, Japan (Was postponed to 2021)
 About Olympics
The modern Olympic Games or Olympics are leading international sporting events featuring summer and
winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of
competitions. The Olympic Games are considered the world's foremost sports competition with more than
200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are normally held every four years, alternating between
the Summer and Winter Olympics every two years in the four-year period. The evolution of the Olympic
Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games. Some
of these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Olympic Games for snow and ice sports, the
Paralympics Games for athletes with disabilities, the Youth Olympic Games for athletes aged 14 to 18, the
five Continental games (Pan American, African, Asian, European, and Pacific), and the World Games for
sports that are not contested in the Olympic Games. The Olympic Movement consists of international sports
federations (IFs), National Olympic Committees (NOCs), and organizing committees for each specific Olympic
Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, and
organizes and funds the Games according to the Olympic Charter. The IOC also determines the Olympic
programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and
symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. Over 14,000
athletes competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2018 Winter Olympics combined, in 35 different sports
and over 400 events.The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals: gold,
silver, and bronze, respectively. The Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now
represented.  The Games also provide an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves
to the world. The Olympic Movement uses symbols to represent the ideals embodied in the Olympic Charter.
The Olympic symbol, better known as the Olympic rings, consists of five intertwined rings and represents the
unity of the five inhabited continents (Africa, The Americas (is considered one continent), Asia, Europe, and
Oceania). The coloured version of the rings—blue, yellow, black, green, and red—over a white field forms
the Olympic flag. These colours were chosen because every nation had at least one of them on its national
flag. The flag was adopted in 1914 but flown for the first time only at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp,
Belgium. It has since been hoisted during each celebration of the Games.
 About Olympics
Winning medals at the Olympic Games has always been considered the most prestigious mark of an athlete, and
a source of glory for the athlete's country. This has led to the use of performance-enhancing drugs by athletes,
intentionally or otherwise, despite the health risks to the athlete and IOC rules prohibiting the use of these
substances. The types of drugs banned include stimulants (which can be found in common cold and cough
medications; caffeine is also banned), narcotics, anabolic steroids, diuretics, certain hormones (such as human
growth hormone), and in some sports, beta blockers. The testing of athletes for drug use began for the Olympics
in 1968, at the Mexico City Games, but did not become widespread until the 1972 Games. Over the years, as
drugs such as human growth hormone have been developed, tests have been added for newer drugs. Although
there were no women’s events in the ancient Olympics, several women appear in the official lists of Olympic
victors as the owners of the stables of some victorious chariot entries. In Sparta, girls and young women did
practice and compete locally. But, apart from Sparta, contests for young Greek women were very rare and
probably limited to an annual local footrace. At Olympia, however, the Herean festival, held every four years in
honour of the goddess Hera, included a race for young women, who were divided into three age groups. The
organizers of the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France, devised as an emblem of their Games a cartoonlike
figure of a skiing man and called him Schuss. The 1972 Games in Munich, West Germany, adopted the idea and
produced the first “official mascot,” a dachshund named Waldi who appeared on related publications and
memorabilia. Since then each edition of the Olympic Games has had its own distinctive mascot, sometimes
more than one. Contrary to popular belief, the torch relay from the temple of Hera in Olympia to the host city
has no predecessor or parallel in antiquity. No relay was needed to run the torch from Olympia to Olympia. A
perpetual fire was indeed maintained in Hera’s temple, but it had no role in the ancient Games. The Olympic
flame first appeared at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam. The torch relay was the idea of Carl Diem, organizer of
the 1936 Berlin Games, where the relay made its debut. Subsequent editions have grown larger and larger, with
more runners, more spectators, and greater distances. The 2004 relay reached all seven continents on its way
from Olympia to Athens. The relay is now one of the most splendid and cherished of all Olympic rituals; it
emphasizes not only the ancient source of the Olympics but also the internationalism of the modern Games.
The flame is now recognized everywhere as an emotionally charged symbol of peace.
 Some great players
Michael Phelps
Michael Fred Phelps II (born June 30, 1985) is an
American former competitive swimmer. He is the most
successful and most decorated Olympian of all time
with a total of 28 medals. Phelps also holds the all-time
records for Olympic gold medals (23),Olympic gold
medals in individual events (13), and Olympic medals in
individual events (16). When Phelps won eight gold
medals at the 2008 Beijing Games, he broke fellow
American swimmer Mark Spitz's 1972 record of seven
first-place finishes at any single Olympic Games. At the
2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Phelps already tied
the record of eight medals of any color at a single
Games by winning six gold and two bronze medals. At
the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Phelps won four
gold and two silver medals, and at the 2016 Summer
Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, he won five gold medals and
one silver. This made him the most successful athlete of
the Games for the fourth Olympics in a row. He has won
82 medals in major international long course
competitions, of which 65 were gold, 14 silver, and
three bronze, spanning the Olympics, the World
Championships, and the Pan Pacific Championships. He
has won World Swimmer of the Year Award 8 times,
American Swimmer of the Year Award 11 times and
FINA Swimmer of the Year Award 2 times.
Dhyan Chand
Major Dhyan Chand (29 August 1905 – 3 December
1979) was an Indian field hockey player widely
regarded as one of the greatest in the history of
the sport.[4] He was known for his extraordinary
goal-scoring feats, in addition to earning three
Olympic gold medals, in 1928, 1932 and 1936,
during an era where India dominated field hockey.
His influence extended beyond these victories, as
India won the field hockey event in seven out of
eight Olympics from 1928 to 1964. Known as The
Wizard or The Magician of hockey for his superb
ball control, Dhyan Chand played internationally
from 1926 to 1949; he scored 570 goals in 185
matches according to his autobiography, Goal. His
birthday, 29 August, is celebrated as National
Sports Day in India every year. India's highest
sporting honour Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna
Award is named after him. It is reported that the
German Leader Adolf Hitler was so impressed with
Chand's skills that he offered him German
citizenship and a position of Colonel in the German
Army, which Dhyan Chand refused. Dhayanchand
passed away on 3 December 1979 , but he will
always stay in our heart. He is still the best Indian
hockey player till date.
 History of Olympics
The ancient Olympic Games were primarily a part of a religious festival in honor of Zeus, the father of the
Greek gods and goddesses. The festival and the games were held in Olympia a rural sanctuary site in the
western Peloponnesus. The Greeks that came to the Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia shared the same religious
beliefs and spoke the same language. The athletes were all male citizens of the city-states from every corner
of the Greek world, coming from as far away as Iberia (Spain) in the west and the Black Sea (Turkey) in the
east. The Olympic Games, which originated in ancient Greece as many as 3,000 years ago, were revived in
the late 19th century and have become the world’s preeminent sporting competition. From the 8th century
B.C. to the 4th century A.D., the Games were held every four years in Olympia, located in the western
Peloponnese peninsula, in honor of the god Zeus. The first modern Olympics took place in 1896 in Athens,
and featured 280 participants from 12 nations, competing in 43 events. Since 1994, the Summer and Winter
Olympic Games have been held separately and have alternated every two years. The 2020 Summer
Olympics, delayed one year because of the COVID-19 pandemic, were held from July 23 to August 8, 2021 in
Tokyo, Japan. The first written records of the ancient Olympic Games date to 776 B.C., when a cook named
Coroebus won the only event—a 192-meter footrace called the stade (the origin of the modern “stadium”)—
to become the first Olympic champion. However, it is generally believed that the Games had been going on
for many years by that time. Legend has it that Heracles, son of Zeus and the mortal woman Alcmene,
founded the Games, which by the end of the 6th century B.C had become the most famous of all Greek
sporting festivals.  The ancient Olympics were held every four years between August 6 and September 19
during a religious festival honoring Zeus. The Games were named for their location at Olympia, a sacred site
located near the western coast of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece. Their influence was so
great that ancient historians began to measure time by the four-year increments in between Olympic Games,
which were known as Olympiads.   The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896. In the
opening ceremony, King Georgios I and a crowd of 60,000 spectators welcomed 280 participants from 12
nations (all male), who would compete in 43 events, including track and field, gymnastics, swimming,
wrestling, cycling, tennis, weightlifting, shooting and fencing.
 History of Olympics
After the Roman Empire conquered Greece in the mid-2nd century B.C., the Games continued, but their
standards and quality declined. In one notorious example from A.D. 67, the decadent Emperor Nero entered
an Olympic chariot race, only to disgrace himself by declaring himself the winner even after he fell off his
chariot during the event. In A.D. 393, Emperor Theodosius I, a Christian, called for a ban on all “pagan”
festivals, ending the ancient Olympic tradition after nearly 12 centuries. It would be another 1,500 years
before the Games would rise again, largely thanks to the efforts of Baron Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937) of
France. Dedicated to the promotion of physical education, the young baron became inspired by the idea of
creating a modern Olympic Games after visiting the ancient Olympic site. In November 1892, at a meeting of
the Union des Sports Athlétiques in Paris, Coubertin proposed the idea of reviving the Olympics as an
international athletic competition held every four years. Two years later, he got the approval he needed to
found the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which would become the governing body of the modern
Olympic Games. Terrorism most directly affected the Olympic Games in 1972. When the Summer Games
were held in Munich, Germany, eleven members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the
Palestinian terrorist group Black September in what is now known as the Munich massacre. The terrorists
killed two of the athletes soon after taking them hostage and killed the other nine during a failed liberation
attempt. A German police officer and five of the terrorists also died.Following the selection of Barcelona,
Spain, to host the 1992 Summer Olympics, the separatist ETA terrorist organisation launched attacks in the
region, including the 1991 bombing in the Catalonian city of Vic that killed ten people.Terrorism affected two
Olympic Games held in the United States. During the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, a bomb was
detonated at the Centennial Olympic Park, killing two people and injuring 111 others. The bomb was set by
Eric Rudolph, an American domestic terrorist, who is serving a life sentence for the bombing.The 2002
Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City took place just five months after the September 11 attacks, which meant a
higher level of security than ever before provided for an Olympic Games. The opening ceremonies of the
Games featured symbols relating to 9/11, including the flag that flew at Ground Zero and honour guards of
NYPD and FDNY members.