Fundamental of

Information
Technology
Chapter 1
Management Foundation
2017/2018

Fundamental
1 of Information Technology Management Foundation 2017/2018
© 2017 by Universiti Utara Malaysia © 2017 by Universiti Utara Malaysia
 Learning Objectives
 After completing this chapter you will be able to:-
 Explain the concept of Data, Information, IT & ICT.
 Explain the parts of an information system: people,
procedures, software, hardware, data, and connectivity.
 Discuss the computer and its components
 Distinguish between system software and application
software.
 Discuss the types of system software programs.
 List the examples of application software and its
category.

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 Introduction
 Computer competency refers to acquiring computer-
related skills.
 Information systems are involved in many of the
things we encounter each day.
 Microcomputers are common in all areas of life.
 New forms of learning have developed providing
numerous alternatives for people to become educated
without physically attending classes
 The Web provides new avenues of communication for
people to purchase goods, communication and share
similar interests.

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 Concept of data,
information, IT, ICT, IS.

Management Foundation
2017/2018

Fundamental
4 of Information Technology Management Foundation 2017/2018
© 2017 by Universiti Utara Malaysia © 2017 by Universiti Utara Malaysia
 Definition
 Data = raw fact i.e. numbers, characters, unprocessed image.
 Information = data that is organized and meaningful.
 System = set of elements and relationship; set of interrelated
components with a clearly defined boundary, working together to
achieve a common set of objectives by accepting inputs and
producing outputs in an organized transformation process.
 Technology = the making, usage, and knowledge of tools,
machines, techniques, procedures, systems or methods of
organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific
function.
 Communication = exchange of information between two or more
participants .

Fundamental of Information Technology Management Foundation 2017/2018

© 2017 by Universiti Utara Malaysia
 What is IT?
 IT is concerned with technology to treat information.
 IT = the {acquisition, processing, storage and
dissemination} of {vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical
information} by a {microelectronics-based combination of
computing and telecommunications.}
 Information Technology (IT) is "the study, design,
development, implementation, support or management of
information systems". 
 Information technology is a general term that describes any
technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store,
communicate, and/or disseminate information.

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 What is ICT?
 Communications is a process of transferring information.
 Information Communications Technology (ICT) covers
any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit
or receive information electronically in a digital form. For
example, personal computers, digital television, email,
robots.
 ICT is concerned with the storage, retrieval, manipulation,
transmission or receipt of digital data.
 It is also concerned with the way these different uses can
work with each other.

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 The concept of IT/ICT
 Information technology (IT) is a technology which uses
computers to gather, process, store, protect, and transfer
information.
 Information and communications technology (ICT) is a
technology which uses computers that are connected to
the network to gather, process, store, protect, and transfer
information.

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 The Role of IT/ICT
 Support business processes and operation
 Support decision making
 Reduction in administration costs
 Improve staff productivity
 Assist in the design & manufacture of products
 Improve the efficiency of interactions with clients,
customers, suppliers & distribution outlets
 Create opportunities for new services, products &
business ventures
 Speed, efficiency, effectiveness & competitive advantages

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 What is an Information System?
 The study of all components that people and
organization use to collect, filter, process and
distribute data.
 An organized combination of…
 People
 Policies and procedures
 Hardware and software
 Data resources
 Connectivity / Communication networks
 This system…
 Stores, retrieves, transforms, and disseminates
information in an organization.

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 Parts of an Information System
 People  Hardware
 Procedures  Data
 Software  Connectivity

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 People
 Most important part of any system
 People Resources
 IS Specialists
 people who develop and operate IS
 systems analysts, software developers,
system operators.
 End users (users / client)
 people who use an IS or the
information it produces.
 customers, salespersons, engineers,
clerk
 Knowledge worker
 people who spend most of their time
communicating and collaborating in
teams and workgroups and creating,
using, and distributing information.

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 Hardware
 All physical devices and materials used in information
processing
 Machines
 Computers, video monitors, printers, etc.
 Media
 Floppy disks, optical discs, paper form.

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 Software
 All set of information processing instructions.
 Programs (computerized instructions)
 System Software
 Control and support the operations of a
computer system.
 Enables application software to interact with
the computer hardware
 Background software helps manage
resources
 i.e. O/S program like MS Windows, UNIX.
 Application Software
 Programs that direct processing for a
particular use of computers by end users.
 i.e. Word processing programs, spreadsheet
programs, payroll programs, etc.

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 Procedures – code.org or scratch.org
 Specify rules and guidelines for
computer operation.
 Procedures (instruction for people)
 Sets of information processing
instructions that people need.
 Operating instructions for the
people who will use IS.
 i.e. data entry procedures, error
correction procedures, instructions
for filling out a paper form or using
a software package (manual), etc.

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 Data
 Data are raw facts about physical  Four Common types
phenomena or business transactions of files:
 Information is data that has been  Document
converted into meaningful and  Worksheet
useful context for end users  Database
 Examples:  Presentation
 Alphanumeric, text, image, video.
 Sales data are names, quantities,
and dollar amounts
 Sales information is amount of
sales by product type, sales
territory, or salesperson

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 Connectivity
 The capability of a computer to share
resources with other computers using
networking.
 Network is a set of devices (referred as
nodes) connected by media links to form
a data path over which information can
be shared.
 It uses
 Communications media
 TP wire, coaxial, fiber optic, cellular,
satellite
 Network infrastructure (support)
 communications processors (modem),
network access (switch) and control
software (NMS).
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 Evolution of ICT
 ICT is evolving in a very fast pace. The innovations have
reduced the sizes of the technological tools and increased the
speed in which they operate to process data and communicate
information.
Positive Negative

• Faster communication
• Lower communication
 Social problem
cost
Impact on society • Health problem
• Paperless environment
• Waste time
• Effective sharing
information

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© 2017 by Universiti Utara Malaysia
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© 2017 by Universiti Utara Malaysia
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 Fundamental of
Information
Technology
The End
Management Foundation
2017/2018

Fundamental of Information Technology

21 Management Foundation 2017/2018
© 2017 by Universiti Utara Malaysia © 2017 by Universiti Utara Malaysia