CHILE

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Theories &
Prominent of IR
Historically;

■ 1535-1818 – under Spanish dictatorship 

■ 1970 – first Marxist President Salvador Allende
■ 1973 – military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet 
■ 1989 – Patricio Aylwin as President
■ 1994 – Eduardo Frei as President 
■ 2006 – Michelle Bachelet as first woman President
History of IR Teachings

■ 11 September 1973 Military Coup

■  until 1990 – commander-in-chief until 1998
■ The University Law
■ passed in 1981
The University Law of 1981

■ “The new law banishes degree-granting programs in many disciplines, including most
of the social sciences, …"

■ - excluded disciplines can be taught in the private sector if a demand exists

■ Critics say, “Its underlying purpose is to end the university’s role as a source of

social criticism and political opposition.”
List of Political Science Undergraduate Programs in Chile 2017 
UNIVERSITIES DEGREE YEAR CREATED
1.Universidad Diego Portales Political Scientist    2002
2.Universidad Central    Political Scientist    2002
3.Universidad Academia Political Science and International Relations  2003
de Humanismo Cristiano
4.Universidad de las Américas Public Administration and International 2004
Relations
5.Universidad del Desarrollo Political Science   2001
6.Universidad Miguel de Cervantes Political Science  2011

7.Universidad Alberto Hurtado (private) Political Science and International Relations  2007

8.Universidad Católica     Political Science   1995

9.Universidad  Católica de Valparaíso History with political science 1976

10.Universidad de Concepción   Public Administration and Political Science  1992

11.Universidad Tecnológica   Metropolitana  Political Science  2004

12.Universidad Santiago de Chile (USACH)    International Studies  2006

Source: Compiled with information from the Ministry of Education, Chile.

THEORIES  that Chile adopted
United Nations The Economic Commission for
Latin America (ECLA)-Prebisch center-periphery
paradigm

■ The concept of center and periphery was first introduced by Raúl Prebisch in the
1950s 
■ "peripheral nations had to export more to get the same value of industrial exports.
Through this system, all of the benefits of technology and international trade would
accrue to the centre."
Dependency Approach

■ Andre Gunder Frank: "development of underdevelopment"

■ In the 1960s, Latin America
■ In response to the "modernization theory" 
■ Mostly economic, spread to other disciplines over time
■ Fell out of favor in the 90s
Enzo Faletto (Chilean)
and Fernando Henrique Cardoso's view of
dependency is; 
■ "associated dependent development" or the possibility of
"development within dependency"

■ dependence as a 'changing relation of class forces, internal and external

■ They reject feudalism as an explanation for underdevelopment
Peripheral Realism

■ Argentinian Carlos Escude

■ More effective on the South

■ Every country have a role to play...

Neoliberal Constitutionalism:

■ Friedrich A. Hayek; market does not require the coercive intervention of a centralized
authority.

■ Milton Friedman; "wider the activities covered by the market, fewer the issues on which
explicitly political decisions are required"

■ James M. Buchanan
In conclusion:

■ Dependency Theory 
■ Peripheral Realism 
■ Neoliberal Constitutionalism

■ Those who think they produce one are just applying global (western) approaches to their
local problems without noticing they have copied.
Sources:
■ Escudé, Carlos , "Realism in the Periphery" , in Routledge Handbook of Latin America in the World ed. Jorge I. Domínguez and 
Ana Covarrubias (Abingdon: Routledge, 10 Nov 2014 ), accessed 13 Dec 2021 , Routledge Handbooks Online. 
■ Maria Teresa Aya Smitmans. (2017). The Path of Undergraduate International Relations Studies in Chile: Stumbling Under the
Umbrella of Political Science. International Relations and Diplomacy, 5(9). https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-2134/2017.09.005
■ ÖZKAN, M. (2017, OCTOBER 17). LATIN AMERIKA’DA ULUSLARARASI ILIŞKILER. GERÇEK HAYAT. RETRIEVED
DECEMBER 10, 2021, FROM
HTTP://WWW.GERCEKHAYAT.COM.TR/LATIN-AMERIKA-GUNLUGU/LATIN-AMERIKADA-ULUSLARARASI-ILISKI
LER/
■ SCHENONI, L., & ESCUDÉ, C. (2016B). PERIPHERAL REALISM REVISITED. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE POLÍTICA
INTERNACIONAL, 59(1), 1–13. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1590/0034-7329201600102
■ ALEMPARTE, B. (2021). TOWARDS A THEORY OF NEOLIBERAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: ADDRESSING CHILE’S
FIRST CONSTITUTION-MAKING LABORATORY. GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM, 1-27.
DOI:10.1017/S2045381721000058
■ FRANK, A. G. (1992). LATIN AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT THEORIES REVISITED: A PARTICIPANT REVIEW [REVIEW
OF DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND THE THREE WORLDS.; ECONOMIC THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT: AN ANALYSIS
OF COMPETING PARADIGMS.; LATIN AMERICAN THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT.;
THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT: CAPITALISM, COLONIALISM, AND DEPENDENCY.; DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT
IN LATIN AMERICA: ECONOMICS, POLITICS, AND RELIGION IN THE POSTWAR PERIOD., BY B. HETTNE, D. HUNT, C.
KAY, J. LARRIN, & D. LEHMANN]. LATIN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES, 19(2), 125–139.
HTTP://WWW.JSTOR.ORG/STABLE/2633887
■ E. (2017, OCTOBER 27). BAĞIMLILIK TEORISI. TUİÇ AKADEMI. RETRIEVED NOVEMBER 25, 2021, FROM
HTTPS://WWW.TUICAKADEMI.ORG/BAGIMLILIK-TEORISI/
■ NEW UNIVERSITY LAW DECREED IN CHILE. (1981, MARCH 27). [NEWSPAPAR IMAGE].
HTTPS://WWW.SCIENCE.ORG/CMS/10.1126/SCIENCE.211.4489.1403/ASSET/2D4FB51A-BC9B-4C36-B3C0-772234F194
33/ASSETS/SCIENCE.211.4489.1403.FP.PNG
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING 
■ Non-Western Perspectives on IR