EE-861 Electric Drives

Dr. Syed Muhammad Raza Kazmi

raza.kazmi@seecs.edu.pk
SMRIMMS B-205
 EE-861 Electric Drives

01 : Why Electric Drives

 Course Description Elaborated
 Electric motors constitute 60-70% of the load on electrical grid.
Consequently the energy efficiency of the power system is directly
affected by the machines’ efficiency of operation.
http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Services/Research_and_Statistics/WP112011_Ebook.pdf

 Quite often these machines are operated by supplying power directly

from the mains with no control except a minimal on-off control.

Example: Simplest Temperature Control of Refrigerators and Aircon

On-Off Machine Control – Simple but
Inefficient - I
Example: Compressor Systems - Conventional vs. Inverter Aircon
 On-Off Machine Control – Simple but
Conventional AC
Inefficient - II Inverter AC

Machine runs at Input Power is processed by a Variable

- constant (rated) rms voltage Frequecy Drive (VFD) through feedback
- constant line frequency control such that it operates around the
 essentially constant speed desired speed (frequency) in steady state,
which is most likely lesser than the rated
Since the compressor is a Constant speed. Therefore it consumes lesser
Torque Load so the system runs power in steady state operation.
essentially at the constant (rated) power.
Þ Power Saving 30% - 50%
“essentially”  P   +
however   sync
Additional Benefits
(explained later)
Mechinal vs. VFD Control of Pump Systems

http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/sites/energyefficiency/files/hem_lo_all_final.pdf

Introducing the VFD alone can boost up the efficiency from 31% to 45%
(now the input power required is 69 units for the same output power)
Machines’ Inefficiency  Increase in Power
Bill
 Electric Machines  Major Share in Power
Bill
1. Compressor Systems in Air Conditioning &
Refrigeration  Induction Motors
http://www.energyvanguard.com/blog-building-science-HERS-BPI/bid/39143/The-M
agic-of-Cold-Part-2-Intermediate-Air-Conditioning-Principles

2. Pump System for Water Tanks

 Induction Motors

3. Fans, Washing Machines, Dishwashers,

Vacuum Cleaners etc
 Mostly Induction Motors
Induction Machines Performance Curves - I

High Inrush Current

- rotor is short circuit at stand still
- inertia
Induction Machines Performance Curves - II
1. Efficiency varies with Load
- machines are usually oversized
- underrated load  inefficiency
- inefficiency  heating losses
- Increased Power Bill
2. Power Factor varies with Load
- underrated load  bad p.f.
- bad p.f.  more KVA required
from the grid than the useful KW
3. High Inrush Current
- causes rapid temperature rise
of stator and rotor windings.
- can cause rotor damage if it is
repeated too often without
allowing the motor cool down in
between starts
- more Peak Power Demand
from the grid
 Summary
1. Inefficient Operation of Machine
- Heating Losses reduce the machine’s life
- Increased Power Bill
- Increase in Active Power Demand from the Grid

2. Power Factor varies with Load

- Increase in Reactive Power Demand from the Grid

3. High Inrush Current

- rapid temperature rise of stator and rotor windings.

- can cause rotor damage if it is repeated too often
without allowing the motor cool down in between starts
- more Peak Power Demand from the grid
What’s Electric Drives -I
Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD)
 What’s Electric Drives -II

Controlled Electro-mechanical energy conversion

- Efficient Electric Drive System may involve

Efficient Motor Design

Example: Pump System VFD with Efficient Motor Design

Electric Drives Design Methodology
Electric Drives Experimental Setup
How to Optimize Machines’ Efficiency
Analogy: Maximum Power Point Tracking of Solar Panels

MPPT is the process of matching

Load Resistance with the Thevenine Source Resistance
Similarly a VFD Aircon runs the compressor at a Load
which matches the
Thermal load of the room
 Also in Renewable Energy Systems

1. To maintain Power Quality at the grid

- Sinusoidal voltage of same magnitude, phase and frequency as the grid
- Harmonics reduction

2. To Maximize Power Extraction from Wind

- Maximum Power Point Tracking of Wind Turbine
- Loss Minimization in Generator
Hence Electric Drives