GENETIC

MAPPING
GENETIC MAPPING
(INDICATES THE POSITION OF GENE ON
CHROMOSOME)
TYPES OF MAPS
 Nucleotide Sequence Maps
complete or partially sequenced
organisms
 Cytogenetic Maps

Breakpoints in disease
Direct binding of probes to chromosome
 Genetic Linkage Maps

Markers
 Physical Maps
USES OF GENE MAPPING
 Identify genes responsible for diseases.
Heritable diseases
Cancer
 Identify genes responsible for traits.

Plants or Animals
Disease resistance
Meat or Milk Production
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MUTATION
FOR MAPPING

Mutation definition (any change

in base sequence)
Genetic recombination
(combining mutants together )
Complementation (to determine
the number of genes responsible
for particular phenotype)
 Recombination mechanisms
A process of combining two genetic
loci initially on two different
chromosomes onto single one
Best studied in yeast, bacteria and
phage
Rec is mediated by the breakage and
joining of DNA strands
 Recombination
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

ABCDEFGhijklmnoPQRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefgHIJKLMNOpqrstuvwxyz
a+ b-

parents
+a- b

+a+ b
Wild type

-a- b
Double mutants
Recombination frequency

Problem
If two phages a+ b- & a-b+ (200) infect a
bacterium. After cell lyses there will be a few
(4) a+b+ & a-b-
Recombination frequency =
no. of recombinant phages/ no. of total phages
= 4*100/200 = 2
Recombination & Mapping
The distance along the chromosome between
recombining genetic loci determine the recombination
frequency

-a+ b- c

+a- b+ c +a+ b+ , a+c

The (a+b+) twice as (a+c+)

p x q = m
(genes) Rec. Freq.
Example
Unknown arrange of three genes a, b ,c
axb=1, bxc=2

a b c
I 1 2
or

c a b
II 1 1
If we want accurate results the third value should be considered
a xc =1
Only II is right i.e.

c a b
1 1

axb=1, bxc=2, axc=1

Now we will consider a fourth gene d
If dxb=0.5 either,

c a b d

or
c a d b

It solved by axd= 1.5 it must be;

c a b d
 Linkage and multifactor crosses
mapping can be carried out with few number of crosses if the
cross done with three loci called three factor crosses a+b-
c- x a-b+c+

This procedure using the effect known as linkage

 A+ B- C-
X 6 of 8
A- B+ C+
a+c+
are
a+b+c+
 A+ B- C-
X 6 of 8
A- B+ C+
a+c+ are
a+b-c+
Example

Axb=7 bxc= 0.2 axc= 6.8

a c b
6.8 0.2

The order is acb

If axc=7.2
a b c
7 0.2

The order is abc

Complementation 

Genetic test to evaluate the number of gene 

and regulatory in a system
It need two copies of genetic unit in the same 
cell
What called in bacteria partial diploid 
 Example: a,b,c genes responsible for
pigment production
 b+c+d+ / a+b-c-d-e+ ……..z+
 = b+c+d+/b-c-d
 eg. plasmid/ chromosome
If we have two mutants X1 and X2
If X1- complement X2- they are on
different genes
If fail to complement they are either
In the same gene
In regulatory
Produce inhibitory gene product
COMPLEMENTATION
ANALYSIS
Group mutation
A 1,5
B 2,4,8
C 3,6,7
------------------------------

9 in regulatory
10 inhibitory product
MAPPING BY HFR X F- MATING
THE TIME AT WHICH PARTICULAR GENETIC
LOCI ENTER A FEMALE ARE PROPORTIONAL TO
THE POSITION OF THESE LOCI ON THE
CHROMOSOME. MAP CAN BE OBTAINED FROM
THE TIME ENTRY

:Example
Hfr a+b+c+d+e+ str-s X a-b-c-d-e- str-r
female
Mixing the cell-
At various time sample is taken-
colonies growing on agar lacking A are a+ and -
so forth