Risk Management and Laboratory Safety

• Risk Management – ensures health safety of personnel as well as

environment safety.
• Standard operating Procedure – detailed step by step procedures of all
operations in each section of the laboratory.
• Instrumentation
• Quality Assurance
• Safety in the Laboratory
• Hazards
• First aid
• Procedures
Risk Management and Laboratory Safety -
INSTRUMENTATION
• Instrumentation – Care appropriate use and maintenance of
equipment.
• Equipment record
• Name, Manufacturer, Model, Serial #
• Preventive maintenance record
• Operating manual
• Do’s And Don'ts's
• READ the manual first!!
• Checklist – step by step approach in assembling and troubleshoot
• Care and use
Risk Management and Laboratory Safety -
INSTRUMENTATION
• MICROSCOPE -an optical
instrument used for viewing
very small objects that are
not visible to the naked eye.
• The science of investigating
small objects using such an
instrument is
called microscopy. 
Risk Management and
Laboratory Safety
INSTRUMENTATION
• PARTS of MICROSCOPE
1. MECHANICAL SYSTEM–
Base, Arm, Stage,
Substage, Mechanical
Stage
2. LENS SYSTEM – Nosepiece,
Objectives, Eyepiece, Focal
Length
3. OTHER parts - On/OFF
switch, Fine/course
adjustment Knob, Iris
Diaphragm, condenser,
Light source
 • Neck/Arm site for attachment for nosepiece

Microscope • Revolving nosepiece

• Focus control
• Eyepiece / ocular • Fine and coarse adjustments
• 10x magnification – magnifies the diameter of the • Stage
image 10 x.
• Contains movable assemble to facilitate the
• Interpupillary control – adjust lateral separation of the study of the different parts of the slide.
eyepiece for the user to be able to focus both eyes
• Stage control
• Objective Lense (3)
• Condenser
• 10x –Low power
• 40x- high power
• 100x –oil immersion
• 50x - low oil immersion
• Optical tube length
• Distance between the eye piece and objective.
160mm
• Directs the beam of light from the source onto the
specimen.
• Iris diaphragm
• Regulates the light that illuminates the slide.
• Source of light
Risk Management and Laboratory Safety -
INSTRUMENTATION
• CARE and USE of MICROSCOPE
• Dust Microscope and the outer surface of lenses objectives with lens paper or
Air bulb must be used when lens paper is not available
• Eyepiece should be polished to remove dust and finger marks and should be
checked for critical illumination
• Check for dust on the rotating nosepiece and if dust is present should be
dismantled and both lenses be cleaned
• Condenser should also be aligned and checked for dust particles
• Microscope should be covered when not in use
• Always support the microscope when carrying. It should be cradled on hand
holding it by the arm, the other supporting the base.
Micr0scope
• Important points: needs scheduled QC & preventive maintenance:
1. Use oil in oil immersion objectives only
2. Use lens paper in cleaning the lenses
3. If a solvent is needed to clean the lenses, remove the objectives from
the microscope first then proceed wit the cleaning agent which is
usually xylene.
4. Always hold the microscope with 2 arms, do not leave the microscope
on the edge of the table.
5. Turn off the microscope when not in use and cover with protective
plastic jacket or put in the designated wooden box
Maintenance of a Microscope
• Performance verification
• Light and specimen visualization alignment
• Function verification
• Condenser and diagphragm alignment
• Optical system – damage and dirt
• Coarse and fine adjustments
Microscope
• Virtual image – image seen by the eye through a compound microscope and is upside down
and reversed.
• Total magnification – is equal to the magnification of the eye piece times the magnification of
the objectives.
• Numerical aperture – is the amount of light entering the objective from the microscopic field
• Refractive index – speed with which lights travels in air divided by the speed with which light
travels through the substance
• Resolving power – ability of the microscope at a magnification to distinguish 2 separate
objects situated close to each other.
• Depth of field – capacity of the objective lens to focus in different planes at the same time
• Chromatic aberrations –different focus brought about by different capacity of the
wavelengths to be bent when passing through the lens.
• Oil Immersion Microscopy
• Focus under LPO
• Switch to oil immersion objective
• Adjust fine focus
• Examine specimen
Risk Management and Laboratory Safety -
INSTRUMENTATION
• Compound Light Microscope
• 2 sets of lenses one magnifying the image then
the other finally enlarging the image further in an
image appearing inverted and laterally reversed

• Electron microscope
• a type of microscope that uses a beam
of electrons to create an image of the specimen.
It is capable of much higher magnifications and
has a greater resolving power than a
light microscope, allowing it to see much smaller
objects in finer detail.

A fluorescence microscope is an
opticalmicroscope that
uses fluorescence and
phosphorescence instead of, or in
addition to, reflection and absorption
to study properties of organic or
inorganic substances
• Fluorecence Microscopy
• tissue sections are irradiated with ultraviolet UV light
and the emission is in the visible portion of the
spectrum. The fluorecent substances appear brilliant on
a dark background.
• Thus, the microscope has a strong UV light source and
special filters that select rays of different wavelengths
by the substances.
• Optimum contrast and
resolution to maximize
specimen details with precise
focusing of light path
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of
electron microscope that produces images of a sample
by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a
microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is
transmitted through an ultra-thin specimen,
interacting with the specimen as it passes through
QUALITY ASSURANCE
• Personnel
• Reagents
• Standard Operating Procedure
• Laboratory safety and personal hygiene
• Handling of hazardous substances
• Records of regulatory compliances
• Risk assessment
• PPE
HEALTH HAZARD
• Biohazards –refers to anything that can
cause disease in human,
• Irritants - reversible inflammatory effects
• Corrosive – destruction or irreversible
alteration
• Sensitizers – allergic reactions
• Carcinogens – induces tumor
• Toxic materials – capable of causing
death
PHYSICAL HAZARD
• Combustible – substance that ignite at
a certain temperature or flashpoint
• Flammable – substance that ignite at
temperature below flash point
• Explosive – chemicals that may explode
when aging
• Oxidizers – harmless by themselves but
may initiate or promote combustion
when contact w/ certain substance
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PELS)
• Threshold limit values
• Occupational Exposure Limits
• Maximum allowable airborne concentration of chemical ( vapour, fume, Dust)
to which a worker may be exposed

Labelling - MSDS
• Chemical Name; ingridents
• Manufacturers’ name, address,
• Date of purchase
• Expiry date
• Hazard warning and safety procedure
Storage of Hazardous Chemicals
• Conventional cabinets
• Below countertops
• Plastic or plastic covered containers
• Shelves with labels
Handling of Spills FIRST AID
• PPE
• Cleanup aids
• Bleach/ baking sods/ vinegar/
• Buckets
• Sponge/towel/rag