Methodology of the Study

Research Design Outline

Type of research

Sources of data

Methods of data collection

Methods of data analysis

Methods of data presentation

 Level of Research
Undertaken

Nature of Data
Collection
The types of research is characterized by:

The Research Design

Types of Research
 Types of Research
Level of Research
 Exploratory
 Analytic
 Descriptive
 Explanatory
Nature of Data Collection
 Qualitative
 Quantitative
 Integrative
Research Design
 Action research design
 Case study design
 Experimental
 Survey designs
 Level of Research
Descriptive Research usually involves surveys and studies that
aim to identify the facts. Descriptive research mainly deals
with the “description of the state of affairs as it is at present.

Analytical Research is fundamentally different in a way that

the researcher has to use facts or information already
available and analyse these in order to make a critical
evaluation of the material.
 Nature of Data Collection
Quantitative Research

 Describes, infers, and resolves problems using numbers.

 Emphasis is placed on:
 The collection of numerical data
 The summary of those data
 The drawing of inferences from the data

Qualitative Research

Based on words, feelings, emotions, sounds and other non-

numerical and unquantifiable elements.
 Example Types of Research

Level of Research. The level of research embarked in this study was descriptive
research. The descriptive research was adopted as it provided researcher an
opportunity to present his perspectives on the subject.

Nature of Data Collection. The nature of data collected for this study was an
integration of qualitative and quantitative data for an informed analysis.

Research Design. Survey research design were used for the study to enable
researcher obtain data from the field and existing literatures on the subject for an
informed analysis.
 Sources of Data

Sources of Data

Primary Secondary
Primary Source

 Primary sources are those

from which the researcher
collects data directly.

 These include experiments,

observations, questionnaires
and interviews.
 Advantages of Primary Data
 High Accuracy.

 It can be collected in number of ways like interview, telephone,

email etc.

 It can be collected across the border.

 It can include large population and wide geographical coverage.

 Primary Data is current and give researchers more realistic

approach towards the topic under considerations.

 Very high reliability.

 Disadvantages of Primary Data

 Limited Coverage specially when collecting data through interview

 Lot of time and efforts are required for data collection

 It has design problem like how to design survey unless questions

designed are simple and easy to understand and respond

 Sometimes respondents do not response in time

 Possibility of getting fake, socially acceptable and sweet answer

just to cover up the realities
 Secondary Source
 Secondary sources are data
sources other than those
obtained directly by the
researcher and have
undergone some form of
processing.

 These include books, journals,

newspapers, periodicals,
bulletins, magazines, diaries,
registers, other published and
unpublished materials.

Official Documents, Published/Unpublished Books, Journal, News paper, Internet

 Advantages of Secondary Data

 Cheaper and faster to access

 It provides way to access the works of the best scholars all over
the world

 It gives a frame of mind to the reserchers as to in which directions

he/she should take ahead the research

 It saves time, efforts and money and adds to the value of the
research studies
 Disadvantages of Secondary Data

 Data collected by the third party may not be reliable hence values
of data goes down

 Data collected in one location may not be suitable for other

location due to variable environmental factor

 With passage of time data become old

 Special care is required to amend or modify for use of data

 Can also rise issues of authenticity and copyright

 Method of Data Collection

In this section, researchers are to indicate the method(s)

of data collection applied as well as explain why and how
these methods were applied.
 Method of Data Collection

Experimentatio Field Document

n Method Analysis
 Experimentation
 Experimentation is a process of collecting data from
primary sources.

 In this method the researcher:

 Identify and define key variables

 Formulate a hypothesis

 Manipulate the variables

 Collect data on the results

 Field Method

Field methods are used to collect data from primary

sources. They include the use of observations, interviews
or questionnaires.
 Field Method

Field Method

Observation Interviews Questionnaire

Direct Structured Open Ended

Un-
Indirect Close Ended
Structured
 Observations

Observation is the recording of data from people/events

as they occur.

Observations

Direct Participant Controlled

& & &
Indirect Non-Participant Non-Controlled
 Interview

Interview is the administration of oral questions to a

sample of the population with a view to collecting data.
 Interview

 The interview could be structured or unstructured.

Interviews are conducted:

 By face-to-face encounters
 By telephone
 On the internet
 Via video conferencing
 Through Focused Group Discussion, Panel discussion
 Encounter with an elite resource person on the
subject.
 Questionnaire

Questionnaire is the administration of written questions

on a sample of the population with a view to collecting data.

 Questionnaires could be open or close ended

It can be administered physically, by mail or electronically.

 Interview & Questionnaire

The major difference between interviews and

questionnaires is that during interviews, the researcher
writes the answers while the respondent writes the
answers to a questionnaire.
 Document Analysis

 Document analysis is used to collect data from secondary

sources.

 The data may be in the print or electronic media.

 Two techniques of document analysis are

historical/archival library search and content analysis.

 The historical/archival library search is the more common

method of document analysis
 Method of Data Analysis
Data analysis is the examination of the data to highlight
trends with a view to making deductions. There are 2
Methods of Data Analysis

Qualitative
Quantitative
 Qualitative Data Analysis

Qualitative Data Analysis involves:

 The process and procedures for analyzing data and

 Providing some level of:

 Understanding
 Explanation, and
 Interpretation of:

 Patterns and
 Themes in textual data
 Qualitative Data Analysis

 Qualitative methods apply logical reasoning based on facts

 The methods deploy intuition, tenacity and authority to

validate knowledge
 Steps of Qualitive Data Analysis

 Becoming familiar with data: You need to

 Read and re-read the data

 Write down detailed notes and impressions
 Deciding which pieces of data possess
 Steps of Qualitative Data Analysis

 Coding into themes:

 This means to create categories and subcategories

 
 Each category is an example of some thematic idea 

 The goal is to group data associated with some thematic idea

which allows them to be examined together

 The list of build themes represents your first set of codes

 Qualitative Data Analysis

 Searching for patterns and connections:

 looking for the relative importance of data and

 identifying relationships between data sets or themes.

 Interpretation of the data and drawing conclusions

 Quantitative Data Analysis
 Quantitative methods emphasize:
 Objective measurements and
 The statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of
data collected through

 Polls
 Questionnaires and
 Surveys, or

 By manipulating pre-existing statistical data using

computational techniques.
 Quantitative Data Analysis

 Quantitative data are prepared and treated before analysis

 Data is treated by coding and arranged in a suitable form

 Thereafter, the data is analysed using statistical methods

 Process: Quantitive Data Analysis
 Preparing and checking the data

 Input of data into computer

 Selecting the most appropriate tables and diagrams to

use according to your research objectives

 Selecting the most appropriate statistics to describe your

data

 Selecting the most appropriate statistics to examine

relationships and trends in your data
 Common Tools
 Excel Spreadsheet

 Microsoft Access

 SPSS
SPSS
 What is SPSS

SPSS is a Software that is widely used as a Statistical Analytic Tool in

the Field of Social Science, Such as Market research, Surveys,
Competitor Analysis, and others.

It is a comprehensive and flexible statistical analysis and data

management tool.

It is one of the most popular statistical packages which can perform

highly complex data manipulation and analysis with ease.

It is designed for both interactive and non-interactive users.

 Functionalities of SPSS

Data Transformations Data Examination

Descriptive statistics General Linear model

Reliability tests Correlation

T-tests Regressions

Factor analysis Cluster analysis

Probit analysis Time series

 Features of SPSS

It offers excellent
plotting, reporting It is easy for you to
and presentation learn and use
features

It includes a lot of
It offers you in-
data management
depth statistical
system and editing
capabilities
tools
 Data Presentation

Data may be presented descriptively with the aid of tools like:

Tables, Diagrams, Pictures

Maps , Graphs, Charts

The charts may include:

 Line charts, Bar charts, Pie charts

 Histograms and Pictograms
 Examples Data Analysis

The analysis of the data collected for the study employed, both qualitative and
quantitative methods.

Qualitative analysis used logical reasoning to arrive at cogent deductions.

Data generated from administered questionnaires were analysed quantitatively by

adopting descriptive analytical tool.

The analyses were used to draw conclusions and make recommendations towards
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