JURNAL KIMIA LINGKUNGAN

COCONUT QUALITY TEST BRICKETS AS ALTERNATIVE

BIOMASS ENERGY SOURCES

OLEH
MARWANTI
G2J122010
 ABSTRACT

Indonesia has the potential of abundant natural resources in agriculture such as

coconut plantations. The area of coconut plantations in Indonesia reaches 3,728,600
ha. Currently, Indonesian agricultural commodities are well known and their
demand is increasing from various countries such as technological developments.
Indonesia is able to produce 18.3 million tons of coconut in a year this number can
increase from year to year so that Indonesia becomes the largest producer in this
industry. In North Sulawesi, coconut yields in 2021 will reach 265,761 tons. North
Sulawesi produces a lot of coconut, mostly in the form of copra. Coconut coir is
used as a raw material for making charcoal briquettes that are environmentally
friendly, easy to obtain and have high economic value.
Based on the above, it is felt necessary to conduct research on coco briquettes by
looking at the effect of mixing adhesives on the quality of briquettes. So the purpose
of testing the water content, calorific value, rate of combustion and flame test of
coconut fiber briquettes and starch as adhesives. The lowest air content is in the
percentage of 95%: 5%, which is 18.97%, while the highest air content is in the
mixing proportion of 90%: 10%, which is 19.56%. The results of the average
briquette test showed that the lowest calorific .
 ABSTRACT

value was 2244,614 cal/g using 5% adhesive, while the highest calorific value was
3225,8648% using 7.5% adhesive. The fastest average burning rate was in the 5%
treatment with a time of 0.00126140 (g/s) and the longest burning rate was in the
7.5% treatment with a time of 0.001702662 (g/s). The fastest Self Burning Time is
at a mixing proportion of 90%:10% with an initial ignition time of 05 minutes 10
seconds, while the longest Self Burning Time is at a percentage of 95%:5% with an
initial ignition time of 06 minutes 08 seconds. The results of the test for boiling 1
liter of water, the sample mixture of 95% coconut coir briquettes: 5% starch takes a
long time to boil 1 liter of water, which is 27 minutes 45 seconds. For 90% coconut
coir briquette mixture: 10% starch, it takes a little faster, namely 25 minutes 33
seconds.
INTRODUCTION

Coconut plants have many benefits, one of which is the use of coconut
fiber. Coconut coir is used as a raw material for making charcoal
briquettes which are environmentally friendly, easy to obtain and have
high economic value. The manufacture of coconut coir charcoal
briquettes is produced from incomplete combustion and charcoal
produces carbon-containing materials which are heated at high
temperatures so that they can be analternative energy source. Charcoal
is a source of charcoal is a source of biomass energy containing 85% -
95% carbon high calories and besides the main ingredients, There are
additional materials used in the manufacture of charcoal briquettes in
the form of adhesive
 COCONUT COIR AS AN ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
MATERIAL

The advantages of coconut coir include:

(1) coconut coir can be used as a forming medium, can hold water and
synthetic components in manure. As a result of these
properties,coconut coir can be used as a suitable vehicle for plant
development and plant nursery media, young coconut coir can be
dried first by drying.
(2) Coconut coir can be used as part of making knicknacks,
(3) Coconut coir can be used s fuel for cooking in luweng or toves,
(4) coconut coir can be used to ake ropes, mats, and
(5) coconut coir aste can be used as a natural aterial for making
biobriquettes.
BIOMASS ENERGY FROM COCONUT
COIR

Biomass energy is a kind of fuel which is made by converting organic

materials such as plants. This material can also be obtained from
living things and microorganisms. One of them is coconut coir
biomass. Coconut coir is an abundant and easy-to-find material, so it
should be used as biomass energy. In addition, coconut coir has many
advantages in utilization fossil energy because have caloric value
suitable for use as fuel.
 ADHESIVE

Adhesive is a substance or material that has the ability to bind two

objects. With the presence of an adhesive, the arrangement of the
particles will be better, regular and denser so that the briquette
pressing process will be even better. The adhesive material used is in
the form of starch or it can also be called tapioca flour or in English it
is calledcassava flouris flour obtained from cassava or cassava starch
whose Latin name is Manihot Utilissima.
Charcoal briquette adhesive is needed to unite the fine granules of
charcoal raw materials and can be shaped as needed. The adhesive is
intended to hold the charcoal together so that the charcoal is easily
shaped and does not crumble when pressed. Thus the amount of
charcoal adhesive used is thought to affect the quality of the
briquettes. Therefore, to overcome the problems that have been
described previously, based on the above, it is necessary to do
research on the manufacture of coco briquettes and analyze how the
quality is with the difference in the adhesive mixture.
METHODS

Time and place of research

This research was conducted at the Agricultural Engineering
Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Ratulangi
University, Manado, and lasted for 2 months.
METHODS

Tool
The tools used are Acer Laptops, Oppo A37
cellphonef,Stopwatch, Ovens, Printers, Stoves, Analytical
Balances, Scales Digital, Thermocouple and Hammer. .
INGREDIENT

The materials to be used are Coconut Fiber which has

become charcoal, Starch (as adhesive) and Water.

Mixed Composition
TABLE 1. COMPOSITION OF THE MIXED
MATERIALS RAW COCONUT COIR AND
STARCH ADHESIVE
Composition
Treatment
coconut coir Starch adhesive coconut coir Starch adhesive
A 95% 5%
B 92.5% 7.5%
C 90% 10%
RESEARCH PROCEDURE

Making charcoal materials Coconut charcoal is made using a drum

furnace. The modified drum furnace consists of two parts, namely the
drum body and the drum furnace cover. (drying for 24 hours) Coconut
husks can be directly put into the drum furnace, then the coconut
husks are burned by burning it directly on the husks. After the raw
material ignites and it is estimated that it will not go out, repeat until
the raw material is completely burned.
The charcoal is considered complete when the smoke that comes out
has thinned, then the furnace is lowered parallel to the ground and the
coconut coir charcoal is removed.
RESEARCH PROCEDURE

Making charcoal briquettes from the raw material of coconut coir is

sifted with a sieve that is filtered with a sieve of 30 – 40 mesh size.
The charcoal powder that passes entirely is used as a raw material in
the assembly of charcoal briquettes. The filtered charcoal powder is
made into a mixture with the adhesive glue that has been prepared at
5%, 7.5% and 10% by weight of the charcoal powder. The mixture is
then put into briquettes and manually compressed using a hammer.
Furthermore, the charcoal briquettes are dried in the sun to dry. .
BRIQUETTES MAKING STAGE

Phase I: The basic ingredients are taken from coconut fiber which is
previously cleaned with water and then burned into charcoal.
Stage II: The material that has been made into charcoal is then
mashed into a very fine granular form.
Stage III: After the granules are finely sifted with a 30 - 40 mesh
sieve.
Stage IV: After being sifted then mixed with adhesive, stir well.
Stage V: Then the printed dough is dried in the sun for several days
until the briquettes are dry.
Stage VI: Tested for water content, burning rate, calorific value.
WATER CONTENT TEST
Testing the water content is a way to measure the amount of water
contained in the briquettes. Before the briquettes are put into the oven,
the briquettes are weighed using a scale first to know the mass of
briquettes. After experiencing the drying process in the oven
with a temperature of 105-C for the first 3 hours the briquettes are
cooled and weighed, the second 1 hour is observed until the weight of
the briquettes is constant then the briquettes are weighed again
CALORIFIC VALUE TEST

The calorific value test aims to determine the amount of heatnich

in earn each briquette mass.
Score heat is a parameter quality is important for briquettes as
fuel. How to do a calorific value
test using a tool thermocouple, the higher the calorific value
produced, the better the quality.
BURN RATE

Testing rate burning This is done by burning the

briquettes directly to find out the duration of the
flame of a fuel. The duration of the ignition time is
calculated usingStopwatchand the mass of the
briquettes is weighed with a digital scale.
FLAME TEST

Test the flame done for know how long it takes the
briquettes to turn to ashes. Testing the length of the flame
is done by burning briquettes like burning charcoal. Time
recording begins when the briquettes are lit until the
briquettes run out or turn to ashes. This calculation use
Stopwatch.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Briquette Production Results

The results of making briquettes for treatment A are

on the left side,
treatment B is on the middle side, treatment C is on
the right side. The briquettes produced in each
treatment had varying sample sizes. From each
treatment, 3 different sample sizes were taken to test
the moisture content, calorific value, combustion
rate of the briquettes, and flame test
 THE EFFECT OF ADHESIVE MIXING ON WATER
CONTENT

Water content analysis was carried out to determine the water

content of the mixture of coco briquettes and starch adhesive
and the effect of the percentage of mixing of the two ingredients
on the quality of the resulting briquettes. It can be seen in Table
2 that the resulting water content ranges from 18.97% to
19.56%.
TABLE.2. BRIQUETTE WATER CONTENT MEASUREMENT COCONUT COIR
Based on Figure 3, the highest calorific
value test results were
found in briquettes weighing 9.4 g with
a resulting calorific value of
3026.067417 cal/g. This is because the
sample size affects the calorific value,
the larger the sample size, the higher the
calorific value.
Based on Figure 4, the highest calorific
value test results were found in
briquettes weighing 11.2 g with a
resulting calorific value of 3500.406449
cal/g. This is because size sample effect
on value heat the more the larger the
sample size, the higher the calorific
value.
Based on Figure 5, the results of the
calorific value test show that the
highest calorific value is found in
briquettes weighing 9.3 g with a
resulting calorific value of 3528.56457
cal/g. This is because the sample size
affects the calorific value.
BASED ON FIGURE 3, FIGURE 4, FIGURE 5, THE AVERAGE TEST RESULTS
SHOW THAT THE HIGHEST CALORIFIC VALUE IS FOUND IN
TREATMENT B WITH A MIXING COMPOSITION OF 92.5% COCONUT COIR
CHARCOAL AND 7.5% STARCH ADHESIVE, NAMELY 3225.8648 CAL/G.
AND THE LOWEST CALORIFIC VALUE WAS IN TREATMENT A WITH A
COMPOSITION OF 95% COCO CHARCOAL AND 5% STARCH ADHESIVE,
NAMELY 2244.6104 CAL/G. THUS THE SAMPLE SIZE AND COMPOSITION
OF MIXING COCONUT COIR CHARCOAL WITH STARCH ADHESIVE
GREATLY AFFECT THE CALORIFIC VALUE, WHICH IS GETTING BIGGER
SAMPLE SIZE AND THE GREATER THE PERCENTAGE OF STARCH
ADHESIVE MIXING, THE HIGHER THE CALORIFIC VALUE.
COMBUSTION RATE RESULTS

On calculation rate burning This is calculated using Stopwatch on the

Oppo A37f cellphone.
And each treatment has three repetitions. In this study, the fastest average
combustion rate was in the 5%
treatment with a time of 0.00126140 (g/ s) and the longest burning rate
was in the 7.5% treatment with a time of
0.001702662 (g/s).
FLAME TEST RESULTS

based on pictures 6 could seen Self Burning Time the fastest is the mixing percentage
of 90%:10% with an initial ignition time of 05 minutes 10 seconds, while forSelf
Burning Time the longest, namely at the percentage of 95%: 5% with a long time
ignition start 06 minutes 08 seconds. And to Burn Timethe longest percentage of
mixing 95%:5% is 1 hour 45 minutes 25 seconds, while forBurn Time fastest on
percentage mixing 90%:10% i.e. 1 hour 40 minutes 15 seconds. This is because
the ratio between the percentage density of 10% is greater than the density of 5%. The
low density makes it easier to burn the briquettes because the larger the cavities or
gaps that air can pass through during combustion.
 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The lowest water content is found in the mixing percentage of 95%: 5%, which
is 18.97%, while the highest
water content is found in the mixing percentage of 90%: 10%, which is 19.56%.
So, the more the percentage of mixing, the higher the water content in the
briquettes and vice versa
2. The test results show that the highest calorific value is 3225.8648 cal/g using
7.5% mixing and the lowest calorific value is 2244.6104 cal/g using 5% mixing.
3. Burn rate fastest is on treatment 5% with time 0.00126140 (g/s) and the lowest
burning rate is in the 7.5% treatment with a time of 0.001702662 (g/s)
4. Flame test resultsSelf Burning Time the fastest is the mixing
percentage of 90%:10% with an
initial ignition time of 05 minutes 10 seconds, while forSelf Burning
Time
5. the longest percentage is 95%: 5% with an initial ignition time of 06
minutes 08 seconds. And toBurn Timelongest on the percentage mixing
95%:5% which is 1 hour 45 minutes 25 seconds, Meanwhile for Burn
Timethe fastest at the mixing percentage of 90%:10%, namely 1 hour 40
minutes 15 seconds. So, the higher the percentage of mixing coconut coir
and tapioca adhesive
given, theSelf Burning Timewill be faster. And if the percentage of
adhesive mixture is lower thenBurn Timeit will take longer.