SPORTS GOODS

2019508006-ANWAR BASHA S.B

2019508008-ARUN SANJAY R.M
2019508017-HARIHARAN M
2019508023-KHANAKA V
CONTENTS

Tennisball
Manufacturing, properties and testing

Basket ball
Manufacturing, properties and testing
 TENNIS BALL

• A tennis ball basically has two

components, a ball core and a felt
layer.
• The ball core consists of two
hemispheres which are glued together.
• The core influences the basic playing
characteristics of the tennis ball,
especially the weight and bounce.
• On the outside, the ball core is
surrounded by a protective layer of felt.
TYPES :

 PRESSURIZED TENNIS BALLS

Pressurized balls are tennis balls filled with gas (eg. nitrogen). The gas
ensures that there is a high pressure inside the rubber core. It has thin
rubber core when compared to pressure less balls.

 PRESSURELESS TENNIS BALLS

With pressureless ball there is air in the core. Unlike the pressurized
tennis ball, no additional pressure is added by the machine. Here the rubber
core is thicker.
MATERIALS

FELT
Two types of cloth are typically used in
the construction of tennis balls, Melton cloth
and needle cloth. Melton cloth, sometimes
referred to as Playne’s cloth, is a woven felt
made from a mix of wool and nylon fibres.
Needle cloth is often cheaper than Melton
cloth as it tends to contain a higher content
of synthetic fibres.
RUBBER
Natural rubber is widely used for making
the core part of the tennis ball. Butadiene
rubber is also used in combination with NR.
FORMULATIONS
 For pressurized core Curing condition: 2.5 min at 150 ̊C

INGREDIENTS QUANTITY (phr)

Natural rubber 100

General Purpose Furnace Black 30

(GPF)
Clay 32

Zinc oxide 9

Sulphur 3.5

Diphenyl Guanidine (DPG) 2

Cyclohexyl benthiazyl 1
sulphenamide (HBS)
FORMULATIONS
 For non-pressurized core Curing conditions: 4 min at 150 ̊C

INGREDIENTS QUANTITY (phr)

Natural rubber 100

High-styrene resin 30

Kaolin 20

Stearic acid 2

Sulphur 2.5

Accelerator 1
MIXING

The raw rubber is first

thoroughly masticated with the
help of kneader, to make the
rubber softer. Then the rubber is
feed into the two roll mill and
compounding ingredients are
added in sequence. After
complete dispersion of all
compounding ingredients in the
rubber matrix, the rubber
compound is extruded to form a
rod which is then cut into pellets.
The pellets are then cooled.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Half-shell
Making
Covered
ball
Moulding

Core
assembly

Core
Cover
Melton
Preparatio
n
MANUFACTURING PROCESS

1.HALF –SHELL MOULDING:

 Half-shell moulding is carried out by a simple compression
moulding operation using accurately prepared blanks, as
prepared by a Barwell preformer. For high volume production,
there are large number of cavities present in the mould. A
blanking-out operation removes flash from individual half-shells .
2. CORE ASSEMBLY:
The edges of the half-shells are lightly abraded where they are
to be joined and vulcanizing rubber solution is applied. The
chemical method of inflation is an older method and has the
advantage that the gas pressure can be accurately controlled
from the quantity of chemicals used and because inflation occurs
after the core has been assembled. The inflation chemicals are
normally sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride, which produce
nitrogen during the moulding process. The compressed-air
inflation method uses a complex clamshell press arrangement in
which the individual edge-solutioned half-shells are placed
separately in opposite mating hemispherical cavities of the press.
When the press is closed, the half-shells opposite each other are
brought together to form a core.
3.MELTON PREPARATION:
Special melton cloths have been developed for tennis balls.
Best quality tennis balls use melton with a high wool content (50-
60%). The basic cloth is produced by weaving blended
wool/nylon weft yarns into a light cotton warp. Cloth weight is
about 0.7 kg/m². The face of the cloth is then subjected to a
raising operation in which the fibres of the weft are carefully
teased to produce a fluffy texture. Then fulling operation is done.
The cloth is normally coated on its reverse side with a vulcanizing
cement by means of spreading operations. The edges of the
blanks are next coated with a vulcanizing cement, which
subsequently forms the seams of the ball.
4. CORE COVERING:
Prior to the covering operation, the cores are subjected to
surface abrasion. Next they are coated with rubber solution in a
barreling operation in which cores, plus a measured volume of
rubber solution, are tumbled together, with the result that each
core is coated with a uniform layer of solution. Rubber latex is
often used instead of rubber solution. The covering operation is
carried out by hand or by machine using two dumbbell blanks for
each core.
5. COVERED BALL MOULDING:
After covering, the balls undergo cover moulding to vulcanize
cloth to core and the joint between the blanks. This operation is
carried out at a temperature that avoids the heat distorsion of the
cloth and is followed by a cooling process, as in the case of all
inflated products.
PROPERTIES:

Tennis ball has three main physical properties. They are:

1. Size (including weight and dimension)
2. Bounce
3. Forward and return deformation

• ITF Specifications
1. Mass: 56-59.4 gm
2. Size: 2.575-2.700 inches (6.541-6.858 cm)
3. Bounce: 53-58 inches (135-147 cm)
4. Forward deformation: 0.220-0.290 inches (0.559-0.737 cm)
5. Return deformation: 0.315-0.425 inches (0.800-1.080 cm)
 MASS AND MASS LOSS

• The range of all masses was between

54.66-59.04 grams.
• After durability testing, balls lost
between .34 and .94 grams.
• Each ball is subjected to a rapid wear
test by firing it 30 times at high speed
from a ball machine onto a hardcourt
slab.
• The slab itself acted like sandpaper
in creating and removing fuzz.
 DIAMETER

• The ITF approval is only a

pass/fail test and does not
measure the actual
diameters.
• For the test, the ball in all
orientations must be small
enough to slip through the
large hole and too large to
drop through the small hole
BOUNCE TEST
• Under our test conditions of 73
degrees, balls dropped from
100 inches onto a granite
surface bounced between 52.93
and 58.43 inches (Figure 7).
• The ITF requirements are for a
bounce between 53 and 58
inches at 69 degrees
STIFFNESS TEST
This Test involves
1. Compressing each ball 3 times by
one inch along all 3 axes to make
sure the ball was round before
testing it
2. Compressing the ball with a load of
18 lb to measure the “forward
deformation,”
3. Increasing the load until the ball
compressed one inch
4. Decreasing the load back to 18 lb
to measure the “return
deformation.” These steps were
repeated for all three axes and the
averages of each measurement
were calculated.
BASKET BALL
SPECIFICATIONS:
• Basket Balls have a circumference of 750-770 mm (29.5 - 30.3 in).
• The mass of a Basketball is (580-620) g
ANATOMY OF A BASKET BALL
TYPES OF BASKET BALL
CHARACTERISTICS OF BASKET BALL
 basketballs have an inflatable inner rubber bladder, generally wrapped
in layers of fiber and then covered with a surface made either from leather
(traditional), rubber, or a synthetic composite

 The outside covering of a basketball is made of synthetic rubber, rubber,

composition, or leather. The inside consists of a bladder (the balloon-like
structure that holds air).

 Thebladder is made of butyl rubber, and the carcass consists of treads of

nylon or polyester. Preprinted decals are used to label the ball, or foil is
used to imprint label information. Zinc and copper plates are used in a
press to either affix the decals or imprint the foil.
 MANUFACTURING
A method for manufacturing a basketball, comprising the following steps: providing a vacuum mold that
has two mold halves, lay a rubber-made inner cover in the mold halves, placing a fabric-covered
bladder into one said mold half, closing the mold halves, activating the vacuum mold to draw air out
from a space between the mold halves
1- Sheets of black rubber are used to form the "bladder", the innermost layer of the basketball that will
hold the air.

2- A hole is punched in the rubber where the air tube will be inserted.

3- The rubber is cut into shape and the edges are bound together. This bladder is not perfectly shaped.
 
4- The bladder is taken into a vulcanizing machine where it will be heated to make it more flexible,
durable and stronger. There it is inflated and will be stored in a chamber for 24 hours to make sure
that it does not deflate. 
5- If it passes the test, it is brought to the twining or winding department.
There, machines loaded with spools of either polyester or nylon thread
wraps multiple strands around the bladder. With this process, the bladder
takes on a more uniform and round shape. (The quality of the thread and
the number of strands determine the cost and quality of the ball)

6- Meanwhile, a machine is used to punch out shapes on colored rubber.

7- The cut out shapes are put into the vulcanizer, where the finished and glue
coated bladder is placed. The shapes and the bladder are glued together. 

8- The ball is placed one last time in the vulcanizer where its surface will be
unified and where it will acquire its "peppled" surface. 
PROPERTIES
 It has no odor.
 It is neither flexible nor shiny.
 It is flammable.
 Rough Texture.
 Leather balls absorb water but rubber ball not.
 Butyl rubber in basket ball act as good shock absorber.
 Basket ball posses good resistance against heat , ozone , flexing , abrasion
tearing and chemical attack.
 Basket ball light in weight and have good bounce.
 basketball covers are typically made from leather or composite leather such
a polyurethane leather.
TESTING
 The assembly process includes many steps that are performed by hand,
and the assemblers are trained to watch for imperfections and reject
unsuitable products. Inspections and tests also include weight-control
testing of the completed carcasses and the panels, regardless of material.
Whenever the completed products are stored for any length of time, they
are randomly inspected for appearance, size, inflation, and any wobble

 Material properties were determined experimentally by strength testing in

uniaxial tensile tests. Additionally, the digital image correlation technique
(DIC) was applied to measure strain in axial planar specimens, thus
providing input stress-strain data for the Autodesk software.
* The ball then passes another 24 hour test to make sure it stays inflated
and eventually needs to pass a bounce test before it is deflated and
shipped off.

* Balls are inspected and decoration and information can be applied to it

by hand or with small heat presses.