High Voltage Transmission

Constant-Impedance Representation of Load

PROF : SAMER ALSADI

ALAA TAFESH
2022
 Electrical Load
Definition: The device which takes electrical energy is known as the
electric load. In other words, the electrical load is a device that consumes
electrical energy in the form of the current and transforms it into other
forms like heat, light, work, etc.
The term load is used in the number of ways:
To indicates a device or a collection of the equipment which use )1
.electrical energy
.For showing the power requires from a given supply circuit)2
The electrical load indicates the current or power passing through the )3
.line or machine
The classifications of loads are shown in
the figure below
 Types of Electrical Loads

Nature of Electrical load

:Resistive Load
Load which consumes only active power is called as resistive load .
The lamp and the heater are the examples of the resistive load. The
resistive loads take power in such a way so that the current and the
voltage wave remain in the same phase. Thus the power factor of
.the resistive load remains in unity
 Types of Electrical Loads
:Inductive load
The inductive loads use the magnetic field for doing the work . The transformers,
 generators, motor are the examples of the load. The inductive load has a coil
which stores magnetic energy when the current pass through it. The current
wave of the inductive load is lagging behind the voltage wave, and the power
factor of the inductive load is also lagging
:Capacitive Load
In the capacitive load, the voltage wave is leading the current wave. The
examples of capacitive loads are capacitor bank, , etc. The power factor of such
.type of loads is leading
 Types of Electrical Loads in Power
System
The total loads of an area depend on its population and living
standard of the people. The different types of the loads in
.a power system are as follows
Domestic load)1
Commercial load)2
Industrial load)3
Agriculture load)4
 Types of Electrical Loads in Power
System

Domestic Load – The domestic load is defined as the total .1

energy consumed by the electrical appliances in the
household work. It depends on the living standard, weather
and type of residence. The domestic loads mainly consist of
lights, fan, refrigerator, air conditioners, mixer, grinder,
heater, ovens, small pumping, motor, etc. The domestic load
consume very little power and also independent from
.frequency
 Types of Electrical Loads in Power
System
Commercial Load – Commercial load mainly consist of lightning of .2
shops, offices, advertisements, etc.,  Fans, Heating, Air conditioning
and many other electrical appliances used in establishments such as
.market restaurants, etc. are considered as a commercial load
Industrial Loads – Industrial load consists of small-scale industries, .3
medium scale industries, large scale industries, heavy industries and
cottage industries. The induction motor forms a high proportion of the
composite load. The industrial loads are the composite load. The
composite load is a combination of the static and dynamic load model
and its form a major part of the system load
 Types of Electrical Loads in Power
System

Agriculture Loads – This type of load is mainly motor .4

pumps-sets load for irrigation purposes. The load factor of
this load is very small
 REPRESINTATION OF LOADS

1. Constant Power Representation

2.Constant Current Representation
3. Constant Impedance Representation
Constant-Impedance Representation of Loads
Usually, the power system loads are represented by their real and reactive powers, as shown in
Figure 4.5a.
However, it is possible to represent the same load in terms of series combination of its
equivalent constant-load resistance and reactance values as shown in Figure 4.5b
or parallel combinations of its equivalent constant-load resistance and reactance values, as
shown in Figure and 4.5c
Constant-Impedance Representation of Loads
Constant-Impedance Representation of Loads
 Example
Assume that a 500+j200-kVA load is connected to a load bus that has a voltage of 1.0/0 pu. If the
power base is 1000 kVA, determine the per-unit R and X of the load:
(a) When load is represented by parallel connection.
(b) When load is represented by series connection.