محاضرات بريمافيرا

Topics (cont.
Creating Relationships
Scheduling
Assigning Constraints
Maintaining the Project Documents Library
Formatting Schedule Data
Roles and Resources
Assigning Roles
continued...

Topics (cont.)
Assigning Resources and Costs

Analyzing Resources
Optimizing the Project Plan
Baselining the Project Plan
Project Execution and Control
Reporting Performance
Project Web Site
Enterprise and Project-Specific Data
 Before logging in to Primavera, it is important to

understand that a project consists of a combination of
enterprise data and project-specific data.
Lesson 3
18
(cont.)
 Enterprise Data
 Enterprise data provides the global structure needed to
manage multiple projects. It is available to all projects
across the organization and provides the structure
necessary for centralized project and resource
management. Enterprise data is usually defined and
maintained by a system administrator.
Lesson 3
18
(cont.)
 Enterprise Data
 Examples of enterprise data:
 Enterprise Project Structure (EPS)
 Project codes
 Resource codes
 Admin categories and preferences
 Resources
 Cost accounts
Lesson 3
18
(cont.)
 Project-Specific Data
 Project-specific data is only available to the project in
which it is defined. Project managers define project-
specific data to further control their projects.
 Dates
 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
 Activities
 Activity relationships
 Baselines
 Expenses
 Risks
Lesson 3
 Thresholds and issues

 Work products and documents
 Project Web site
19
(cont.)
 Enterprise/Project-Specific Data
 The following types of data are enterprise as well as
project-specific:
 Calendars
 Reports
 Activity codes
Lesson 3
20
Logging In
 Type a valid Login Name and Password to log in to

Primavera. If you do not know your Login
Name/Password, contact your system administrator.
Lesson 3
21
Opening an Existing Project (cont.)
 Access Modes
 You have the option to select an access mode prior to
opening a project:
 Shared - Multiple users can view, input, and change data.
This is the default setting.
 Read Only - You can view data but cannot input or change
data.
 Exclusive - The current user is the only user who can edit
data on these projects. Other users can access these
projects in Read Only mode.
Lesson 3
25
Opening an Existing Project (cont.)
 Activities Window
 The Activities window is used to create, view, and edit
activities for open projects. The table below lists key
navigation items in the Activities window. Numbers in
the table correspond to those in the screenshot.
Lesson 3
26
Activities Window
Item Functionality
1. Toolbar Displays icons that allow you to change look of

layout.
2. Activity Table Displays activity information in spreadsheet
format.
3. Gantt Chart Provides graphical display of activity progress
over time.
4. Command bar Displays options for adding or removing activity
data.
5. Layout Options bar Displays menu of available options for Activities
window.
Lesson 3
6. Vertical Split bar Drag bar to hide/show more information in each

pane.
26
Activities Window (cont.)
Item Functionality
7. Horizontal Split bar Hide or show more information in top/bottom

layouts.
8. Activity Details View/edit detailed information for selected
activity.
Lesson 3
26
Layouts (cont.)
 Activity Layouts
 The Activities window provides the option of viewing
data in top/bottom layouts.
 Choose one of the following to show on top:
 Activity Table
 Gantt Chart
 Activity Usage Spreadsheet
 Activity Network
Lesson 3
27
Layouts (cont.)
 Activity Layouts
 Choose one of the following to show on bottom:
 Activity Details
 Activity Table
 Gantt Chart
 Activity Usage Spreadsheet
 Resource Usage Spreadsheet
 Activity Usage Profile
 Resource Usage Profile
 Trace Logic
Lesson 3
27
Layouts (cont.)
 Gantt Chart
 The Classic WBS Layout displays a Gantt Chart in the
top layout and Activity Details in the bottom layout.
 The Gantt Chart is divided into two sections: Activity
Table and Bar Area:
 Activity Table - Displays activity data in columns.
 Bar Area - Provides a graphical display of activity progress
over the duration of the project.
Lesson 3
30
Closing a Project
 Close the project when you are finished working with it.
You are prompted to verify that you want to close the
project.
 Closing the project takes you back to the Home
window.
Lesson 3
41
Closing a Project (cont.)
 Key Concepts
 The Home window is a starting point for navigating in
Primavera.
 Use the Navigation bar for quick access to Help, to display
the Directory bar, and to move forward and backward to
previously accessed windows.
 Choose to open a project in Read Only, Shared, or Exclusive
mode.
 A project consists of enterprise and project-specific data.
 View activity data in the Activities window and customize
the top and bottom layouts.
 Use layouts to easily view data specific to your needs. You
Lesson 3
can customize layouts by selecting columns and by

specifying top/bottom layouts.
42
Closing a Project (cont.)
 Key Concepts
 Activity Details, arranged in tabs, displays detailed
information for the activity highlighted in the Activity Table
or Activity Network.
Lesson 3
42
Enterprise Project Structure
Lesson 4
43
Lesson Objectives
 Describe the components that comprise the Enterprise

Project Structure
 View the EPS
Lesson 4
43
 The Enterprise Project Structure (EPS) is a hierarchy

used to organize projects.
 The EPS is made of roots and nodes.
 Each root in the EPS can be subdivided into many nodes.
 Nodes represent different levels within the structure.
 All projects must be included in a node.
 Each node can contain an unlimited number of projects.
 Projects always represent the lowest level of the hierarchy.
 Placement of a project in the hierarchy determines the
summary level in which it is included.
Lesson 4
44
Lesson 4
44
Opening the EPS
 You can use the Enterprise Project Structure dialog box

to define the EPS.
 The three fields to enter when adding an EPS node are:
 EPS ID - Identifies the selected EPS node.
 EPS Name - Description of the selected EPS node.
 Responsible Manager - Use this field to select an OBS
(Organizational Breakdown Structure) element to associate
with the selected level of the EPS.
Lesson 4
45
Benefits of the EPS
 The EPS offers many benefits, including the ability to:

 View project priorities, scope, budgets, and resources
across the entire project structure or within a specific node.
 Manage projects separately while retaining the ability to roll
up and summarize data across multiple projects.
 Each node acts as a master project, rolling up all "child" nodes
and projects.
 A node can be opened to view all detailed activity information
from the "member" projects.
 View resource allocation across projects.
 Assign security at any level of the project structure to
provide users with appropriate access to project
Lesson 4
information. For example, Tim Harris can view only the

Construction node and its children.
46
Key Concepts
 The EPS is a hierarchy that represents the management and
organization of projects in your company.
 In the EPS, the root is the top level and can be subdivided
into nodes. Each node represents a level in the project
structure that can hold another node or a project. Projects
represent the lowest level of the hierarchy.
 The EPS enables you to view project data across the entire
project structure or within a specific node.
Lesson 4
47
Creating a Project
Lesson 5
49
Lesson Objectives
 Create a project
 Navigate in the Projects window
 View and modify information in Project Details
Lesson 5
49
Creating a Project
 A project can be created using a variety of methods:

 Create a New Project wizard:
 Create the project.
 Create the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).
 Add activities.
 Assign resources and costs.
 Project Architect:
 Create the project from a methodology (template).
 Review and adjust the WBS.
 Review and adjust activities.
Lesson 5
50
Creating a Project (cont.)
 Import a file:
 Import a project using the following file formats:
 Review and adjust the WBS.
 Review and adjust activities.
 Copy/paste:
 Select elements of an existing project you want to copy to a
new project.
Lesson 5
50
Create a New Project Wizard
 The Create a New Project wizard can assist you in
creating a project.
Lesson 5
51
Create a New Project Wizard (cont.)
 Entering Project Name

 The name of the project is Office Building Addition. You
can shorten the name to create the Project ID, BLDG.
 Project ID - Type a unique ID in this field.
 Project Name - Type a new name in this field. (The Project
Name field does not require a unique name.)
Lesson 5
52
 Entering Project Start and End Dates

 Use the calendar to select Planned Start and Must
Finish By dates for the project.
 The Must Finish By field is not mandatory. You can
assign a project Must Finish By date at any point in the
project life cycle in the Dates tab in Project Details.
 To navigate in the calendar:
 When you launch the calendar, the current month/year is
displayed. To navigate to a different year, click the
Month/Year section in the calendar, and then use arrows to
scroll to the desired year.
Lesson 5
 Click the desired month and date, and then click Select.
53
 Entering Responsible Manager

 The Responsible Manager, selected from the
Organization Breakdown Structure (OBS), is the
individual responsible for the work.
 The OBS is a hierarchical arrangement of an
organization's project management structure, either as
roles or individuals. The OBS can be configured to
represent a detailed organizational breakdown (with
employee names) or a more general framework where
departments, teams, or types of responsibility are
modeled in the structure.
Lesson 5
54
 Selecting Assignment Rate Type

 Specify the Assignment Rate Type for new resource
assignments. The default rate type determines which
price/unit is set on a resource assignment. Values in the
Rate Type drop-down list reflect rate types defined in
the Rate Types tab in Admin Preferences.
Lesson 5
55
 Running Project Architect

 Project Architect helps you to create a project from an
existing methodology or project template. You will
create the Office Building Addition project anew,
without the use of a methodology.
Lesson 5
56
Projects Window
 The project has been created and opened.

 To view high-level information about the project,
navigate to the Projects window, which displays the
projects within the EPS that you can access. You can
also:
 Open, create, and save project layouts.
 Group projects by the Enterprise Project Structure, project
codes, or other project-related items.
 Filter projects.
 Modify column data.
 The table below lists key navigation items in the
Lesson 5
Projects window. Numbers in the table correspond to

those in the screenshot.
57
Project Details
 Project Details is located in the bottom layout of the

Projects window. It can be used to define the project
properties and defaults that are applied to the selected
project.
Lesson 5
59
Project Details (cont.)
 General Tab
 The General tab enables you to view or modify general
information about the selected project. Project ID,
Project Name, and Responsible Manager can be set
when you create the project, or you can change them
here. The remaining fields are set by default.
 Fields in the General tab:
 Project ID - Short, unique identifier for the project.
 Project Name - Name of the project.
Lesson 5
60
 General Tab
 Status - Indicates project status based on the table below:
Status Indicates project is ...
Planned Being analyzed before establishing permanent

plan.
Active Currently being worked on.
Inactive Completed or on hold.
Lesson 5
What-if Used as test scenario.
60
 General Tab
 Responsible Manager - Individual, selected from the OBS,
who is responsible for the project.
 Risk Level - Indicates the overall risk in performing the
project. You can use the risk level to organize, filter, and
report on projects within the project structure. You can
enter a value between Very High and Very Low; the default
is Medium.
 Leveling Priority - User-defined rank of the project against
all other projects, based on its importance to the
organization. You can enter a value between 1 and 100.
The highest rank is 1; the default is 10.
Lesson 5
 Check-out Status - Indicates whether the project is checked

in or checked out.
60
 General Tab
 Checked Out By - Displays the user that checked out the
project.
 Date Checked Out - Indicates the date and time the user
checked out the project.
 Project Web Site URL - Displays the project's Web site
address.
Lesson 5
60
 Dates Tab
 The Dates tab enables you to edit date information for
the selected project. The Planned Start and Must Finish
By dates can be set when you create the project, or you
can change them here.
 Fields in the Dates tab:
 Planned Start - Planned start date of the project.
 Data Date - Date used as the starting point for schedule
calculations.
 Must Finish By - Date indicating the desired project end date.
 Finish - Non-editable field indicating the latest early finish date
Lesson 5
calculated when the project was last scheduled.

 Actual Start and Actual Finish - Non-editable field indicating
the actual start and finish dates of the project.
61
 Dates Tab
 Anticipated Start and Anticipated Finish - Expected dates
that can be entered while planning the project at a high
level.
Lesson 5
61
 Notebook Tab
 The Notebook tab enables you to write, view, or edit
project notes such as the project's purpose, core
requirements, or other project-specific details.
 Fields in the Notebook tab:
 Notebook Topic - List of topics assigned to the selected
node/project.
 Detail - User-defined description of the selected topic. You
can use HTML editing features, including formatting text,
inserting pictures, copying, pasting, and adding hyperlinks.
Lesson 5
62
 Codes Tab
 The Codes tab enables you to assign project code
values to the selected project.
 Project codes allow you to group the projects in the EPS
to specific categories, such as location or division.
 Unlimited hierarchical project codes are supported.
 Allows for summarization of large amounts of information
across projects.
Lesson 5
64
 Defaults Tab
 The Defaults tab is divided into two sections:
 Defaults for New Activities - Indicates the settings that will
be used when new activities are added to the project. Note
that changing these settings will not affect existing
activities.
 Auto-numbering Defaults - Sets how new activities will be
numbered in your project.
 When the Increment Activity ID based on selected activity
field is marked, the prefix or suffix of the selected activity is
applied to the activity that is being added.
Lesson 5
66
 Calculations Tab
 Use this tab to specify how to calculate cost and
resource use when you update activities. Two fields of
note:
 Recalculate Actual Units and Cost when Duration %
Complete Changes - Mark to calculate actual units and costs
as Actual (units or costs) = Budgeted (units or costs) *
Duration % Complete
 Primavera performs these calculations whenever you update
the Duration % complete.
 Values you specify override the application's calculated values.
If you clear the checkbox, the application does not estimate
Lesson 5
actuals and the actual fields remain blank unless you specify
values.
68
 Calculations Tab
 Link Actual and Actual This Period Units and Cost - Mark
this checkbox to recalculate actual or actual this period
units and costs when one of these values is updated. This
option is selected by default.
Lesson 5
68
 Key Concepts
 You can create a project with the New Project wizard,
import a file, copy an existing file, or use Project Architect
to create a project from an existing template.
 Once the project is created, use the Projects window to
view high-level information for projects you can access.
 Use Project Details tabs in the Projects window to define
default settings and properties for the selected project, such
as the anticipated start and finish dates.
Lesson 5
69
Creating a Work Breakdown
Structure
Lesson 6
71
Lesson Objectives
 Define a Work Breakdown Structure

 Create multiple levels of a WBS hierarchy
Lesson 6
71
Work Breakdown Structure
 The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a hierarchical

arrangement of the products and services produced
during, and by, a project. It enables you to divide a
project into meaningful and logical pieces for the
purpose of planning and control.
 Each project has a unique WBS hierarchy.
 The root level of the WBS is equal to the Project ID and
Project Name.
 Elements within the WBS have a child/parent relationship,
which means that you can roll up and summarize
information from the lower levels.
Lesson 6
72
Work Breakdown Structure
Lesson 6
72
Viewing WBS Elements
 When a project is created, a root level WBS element is

added with the same ID and name as the project.
Lesson 6
73
Creating the WBS Hierarchy
 WBS elements added to the root level element are

automatically indented to form the second level of the
hierarchy.
 When you create a new WBS element, it is indented as
a "child" of the WBS element that is currently selected.
 If you add a WBS element to the wrong level or in the
wrong order, you can use the indentation keys located
on the Command bar to adjust the structure of the WBS
hierarchy.
 The "child" WBS inherits attributes from the "parent"
Lesson 6
WBS. This is illustrated below, when the WBS element

you create, Elevator, inherits the responsible manager
of its parent, Mechanicals.
74
Creating the WBS Hierarchy (cont.)
 You can determine the level that WBS elements group

to by right-clicking in the WBS window and choosing
Collapse To.
 Right-click in the WBS window and click Expand All or
Collapse All to expand or collapse elements of the WBS.
Lesson 6
77
Key Concepts
 The Work Breakdown Structure is a hierarchical
arrangement of the products and services produced during
and by a project.
 The highest level of the WBS is the project, and the lowest
level consists of the individual activities required for the
deliverables.
 Create the WBS in the Work Breakdown Structure window.
Use the indentation keys to form various levels in the WBS.
Lesson 6
80
Adding Activities
Lesson 7
81
Lesson Objectives
 Describe an activity and its components

 Describe activity types
 Add activities
 Add a Notebook topic to an activity
 Add steps to an activity
 Assign activity codes to activities
Lesson 7
81
Activities
 Activities are the fundamental work elements of a

project. They are the lowest level of a WBS and the
smallest subdivision of work that directly concerns the
project manager.
 Most detailed work unit tracked in a project schedule.
 Contains all information about the work to be performed.
 Also known as a task, item, event, or work package.
Lesson 7
82
Activity Components
Lesson 7
82
Adding Activities
 Use the Activities window to create, view, and modify

activities for the selected project. To add an activity to
a project, perform one of the following actions:
 In the Command bar, click Add.
 In the Edit menu, click Add.
 Press Insert on the keyboard.
 Right-click and click Add.
Lesson 7
83
The New Activity Wizard
 The New Activity wizard walks you through the process

of adding an activity. Once you become familiar with
the process, you can disable the wizard in User
Preferences and manually add activities to the project.
Lesson 7
84
Adding Activities via Activity Wizard
 While in the Activities window, you can click Add in the

Command bar to add new activities. The New Activity
wizard appears only when you click Add in the
Command bar.
 Type a unique Activity ID and Activity Name, for each
activity that you add. You will assign the activity to the
Design and Engineering WBS element.
Lesson 7
85
(cont.)
 Assigning Activity Type

 Activity Type controls how an activity's duration dates
are calculated.
 Select the Activity Type according to the activity's
function in the project and the calendar that should be
used for the activity during scheduling.
 Start Milestone
 Finish Milestone
 Task Dependent
 Resource Dependent

Lesson 7
Level of Effort
 WBS Summary
87
(cont.)
 Activity Type:
 Start Milestone - This type is typically used to mark
the beginning of a phase or to communicate project
deliverables.
 Zero-duration activity.
 Only has a start date.
 You can assign constraints, steps, expenses, work products,
and documents.
 You can assign a primary resource.
 You cannot assign roles.
Lesson 7
87
(cont.)
 Activity Type:
 Finish Milestone - This type is typically used to mark
the end of a phase or to communicate project
deliverables.
 Zero-duration activity.
 Only has a finish date.
 You can assign constraints, steps, expenses, work products,
and documents.
 You can assign a primary resource.
 You cannot assign roles.
Lesson 7
87
(cont.)
 Activity Type:
 Task Dependent - This type is typically used when the
work needs to be accomplished in a given time frame,
regardless of the assigned resources' availability.
 The activity's resources are scheduled to work according to
the activity calendar.
 Duration is determined by the assigned calendar's
workweek.
Lesson 7
87
Example of how Primavera calculates the duration when
activity type is task dependent.
Activity Calendar Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Resource Calendar 1
Resource Calendar 2
Resource Calendar 3
Task Dependent X X
2 Day (X) Activity

Lesson 7
(cont.)
 Activity Type:
 Resource Dependent - This type is typically used
when multiple resources assigned to the same activity
can work independently.
 The activity's resources are scheduled according to the
individual resource's calendar.
 Duration is determined by the availability of the resources
assigned to work on the activity.
Lesson 7
87
Example of how Primavera calculates the duration when
activity type is resource dependent.
Activity Calendar Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Resource Calendar 1
Resource Calendar 2
Resource Calendar 3
Task Dependent X X
Resource Dependent X X X
2 Day (X) Activity

Lesson 7
(cont.)

 Level of Effort - This type is typically used for ongoing
tasks dependent on other activities.
 Duration is determined by its predecessor and successor
activities, and its assigned calendar.
 Examples include clerical work, a security guard and
meetings.
 You cannot assign constraints. (Constraints are discussed in
a future lesson).
Lesson 7
88
(cont.)

 WBS Summary - This type is used to summarize a
WBS level.
 The WBS summary activity comprises a group of activities
that share a common WBS level.
 The dates calculated on a WBS summary activity are based
on the earliest start date of the activities in the group and
the latest finish date of these activities.
 The WBS summary activity duration is calculated based on
its assigned calendar.
 You cannot assign constraints to WBS summary activities.
Lesson 7
88
(cont.)
 Completing the New Activity Wizard

 You have just added your first activity. You will not use
the wizard to help you create additional activities.
Lesson 7
89
Adding an Activity via Activity Details
 You can use the Activity Details tabs to add an activity,

and then enter additional information about the activity.
When adding an activity, first select either the WBS
band in which the activity will reside, or select an
existing activity in the WBS band.
Lesson 7
90
(cont.)
 General Tab
 Use the General tab to assign basic information about
the activity, including Activity Type, discussed earlier in
this lesson.
Lesson 7
91
(cont.)
 Status Tab
 Use the Status tab to define the selected activity's
duration, constraint, Start and Finish dates, labor and
nonlabor units and costs, and material costs. You can
also use the Status tab to view the selected activity's
float, actuals, and completion percentages.
Lesson 7
92
(cont.)
 Notebook Tab
 The Notebook tab enables you to assign notes to an
activity. Notebook topics are typically instructions or
descriptions that further describe the activity according
to specific categories of information.
Lesson 7
93
Adding an Activity via Columns
 You can use the columns in the Activity Table to add an

activity and then enter additional information about it.
Lesson 7
94
Adding Steps to an Activity
 Activity steps allow you create a checklist for the

activity, and then track the completion of each step.
Often, steps provide a list of procedures required to
complete the activity and provide extra guidance to
resources assigned to the activity.
 Assign an unlimited number of steps per activity.
 Steps can be marked completed in Primavera and by the
primary resource in timesheets.
 Steps do not have duration estimates or dates.
 Each step can have an additional explanation in the text
area on the right side of the Steps tab.
Lesson 7
 The Review and Approve Designs activity can be broken

down into two steps.
97
Step Templates
 Activity step templates enable you to define a group of

steps common to multiple activities and then assign the
step template to activities.
 If a commonly used step or set of steps have already
been defined for an activity, you can convert the steps
to a template.
Lesson 7
99
Activity Codes
 Activity codes enable you to classify and categorize

activities according to your organizational and project
needs.
 You can use activity codes to view and roll up activities
in the Activity Table; build reports in the Report wizard
or Report Editor; organize a layout by grouping
activities into specific categories; and select and
summarize activities. Examples of activity codes include
Phase, Area, Site, and Division.
Lesson 7
100
Activity Codes (cont.)
 Activity codes can be defined in three levels:

 Global-level - Available to all activities in the database.
 Create an unlimited number of global-level activity codes.
 Organize activities within a project or across the project
structure.
 EPS-level - Available to all activities within the EPS node and
its children.
 Create an unlimited number of EPS-level activity codes.
 Organize activities within a project or across a portion of the
EPS.
 Project-level - Available to activities only in the project in
which the code is created.
Lesson 7
 Create up to 500 activity codes per project.

 Filter and organize activities based on unique, project-specific
requirements.
100
 Each activity code (global, EPS, and project) may contain an

unlimited number of activity code values, which can be organized in
a hierarchy.
Type Can be assigned to Number
Global- Activities in all projects Unlimited

level
EPS-level Activities within EPS in which code was Unlimited
created, and EPS children
Lesson 7
Project- Activities in project in which code was 500

level created
100
 Assigning Activity Codes to an Activity

 Assign activity code values in the Activities window.
 Add a column for the activity code in the Activity Table.
 Use the Codes tab in Activity Details.
Lesson 7
100
 Assigning Activity Codes to Multiple Activities

 Use the Command bar to assign an activity code to
multiple activities.
Lesson 7
102
Calendar Assignments
 Calendars can be created and assigned to each activity

and resource. Calendar assignments are used to
schedule activities and level resources.
 An unlimited number of calendars can be created.
 The Activity Type determines whether the activity calendar
or resource calendar is used during scheduling.
Lesson 7
103
Calendar Assignments (cont.)
 Calendar Types
 There are three calendar types:
 Global calendar
 Contains calendars that can be used by all projects in the
database.
 Available for all resources and activities in the database.
 Resource calendar
 Contains separate calendars for each resource.
 Project calendar
 Contains a separate pool of calendars for each project.
 Available for the current project only.
Lesson 7
103
Calendar Assignments (cont.)
 Calendar Assignments
 Use the Select Activity Calendar dialog box to select the
calendar that is used for an activity in the project.
 For example, in this project, the default calendar
assigned to all activities is theStandard 5 Day
Workweek. You will view the available calendars on the
Design Building Addition activity.
Lesson 7
104
Creating Relationships
Lesson 8
109
Lesson Objectives
 Create a network logic diagram

 Differentiate between the four relationship types
 Create relationships in the Activity Network
 Create relationships in Activity Details
Lesson 8
109
Network Logic Diagram
 A network logic diagram is a logical representation of all

the activities in a project showing their dependency
relationships.
Lesson 8
110
Network Logic Diagram (cont.)
 Precedence Diagramming Method

 Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM) is a technique
for creating network logic diagrams.
 A box or rectangle represents an activity.
 Lines with arrows connect the boxes and represent the
logical relationships between the activities.
 Predecessor - Controls the start or finish of another activity.
 Successor - Depends on the start or finish of another activity.
 Start with either the first activity in the network and enter
each successor, or start with the last activity in the network
and enter each predecessor.
Lesson 8
110
Network Logic Diagram (cont.)
 Precedence Diagramming Method

Lesson 8
110
Relationship Types
 There are four relationship types. In the following

diagrams, activity A represents the predecessor and
activity B represents the successor.
 Finish-to-Start (FS) - When A finishes, B can start.
 Start-to-Start (SS) - When A starts, B can start.
 Finish-to-Finish (FF) - When A finishes, B can finish.
 Start-to-Finish - When A starts, B can finish.
Lesson 8
111
Relationships with Lag
 Lag specifies an offset or delay between an activity and

its successor. It can be added to any type of
relationship and have a positive or a negative value.
 Lag is scheduled based on the calendar selected in the
General tab in Schedule Options dialog box. (In the
Tools menu, click Schedule, and then click Options to
access the Schedule Options dialog box.)
 There are four calendar options for scheduling lag:
 Predecessor activity calendar
 Successor activity calendar

Lesson 8
24-hour calendar
 Project default calendar
112
Relationships with Lag (cont.)
 Below are two examples of relationships with lag:

 Finish-to-Start with Lag - The following example shows that
the Construct Building Foundation activity must be finished
for seven days before the Construct Building Exterior and
Structure activity can start. (FS7 indicates there is a finish-
to-start relationship with 7 days of lag.)
 Start-to-Start with Lag - The following example shows that
the Install Interior Belt Conveyors activity can start five
days after the Construct Building Exterior and Structure
activity starts. (SS5 indicates there is a start-to-start
relationship with 5 days of lag.)
Lesson 8
112
Creating Relationships in the Activity
Network
 The Activity Network is useful when sequencing
activities because it displays the activities graphically as
you create relationships.
Lesson 8
113
Creating Relationships in the Activity
Network (cont.)
 Creating a Start-to-Start Relationship
 You can create a relationship between activities by
clicking and dragging your mouse between the two
activities.
 The left edge of the activity represents the start of the
activity.
 The right edge of the activity represents the finish of the
activity.
Lesson 8
114
Creating Relationships in Activity
Details
 You can also use the Relationships tab to create
relationships. When creating a relationship in Activity
Details, the default relationship type is Finish-to-Start.
 Activities in the Assign Successors dialog box can be
grouped and sorted in a variety of ways, including by
EPS and by List. In the Display Options bar, click Group
and Sort By to view options.
Lesson 8
115
Creating Relationships in Activity
Details (cont.)
 Assigning Lag
 Although the default relationship type is Finish-to-Start
with zero days of lag, you can use the columns on the
Relationships tab to make adjustments to the
relationship type or to assign lag.
Lesson 8
117
Viewing Relationships in Gantt Chart
 You can also view/modify relationships in the Activity

Table and Gantt Chart.
 Activity Table - Displays the Predecessors and Successors
columns.
Lesson 8
118
Viewing Relationships in Gantt Chart
(cont.)
 Key Concepts
 Use the Precedence Diagramming Method to create a
network logic diagram to show the relationships between
activities. Build the diagram using boxes or rectangles that
represent activities, and create logical relationships between
the activities, specifying the predecessor and successor
activity relationships.
 There are four relationship types: Finish-to-Start, Start-to-
Start, Finish-to-Finish, and Start-to-Finish. The default
relationship type is Finish-to-Start.
 Use lag to specify a delay between an activity and its
successor.
Lesson 8
 You can create relationships in the Activity Network via a

graphical display, or in the Relationships tab in Activity
Details.
120
Scheduling
Lesson 9
121
Lesson Objectives
 Perform a forward and backward pass

 Describe float and its impact on a schedule
 Identify loops and open ends
 Calculate a schedule
 Analyze the scheduling log report
Lesson 9
121
Critical Path Method Scheduling
 The Critical Path Method (CPM) scheduling technique is

utilized to calculate project schedules. CPM uses activity
durations and relationships between activities to
calculate schedule dates. This calculation is done in two
passes through the activities in a project.
Lesson 9
122
Critical Path Method Scheduling (cont.)
 Critical Path
 The critical path is the series of activities that determines a
project's completion date.
 The duration of the activities on the critical path controls
the duration of the entire project. A delay to any of these
activities will delay the Finish date of the entire project.
 Critical activities are defined by either the total float or the
longest path in the project network.
Lesson 9
122
What is the Data Date?
 The data date is the date that is utilized as the starting
point for schedule calculations. It is the date used to
schedule all remaining work.
 During the Planning phase the data date should match the
project Start date.
Lesson 9
123
Data Date
J F M A M J J A S
Data Date Line Schedule
Time
Resource
Resource
Quantity
(person-
days)
Time
Cost
Lesson 9
OPN
Time
Scheduling Concepts (cont.)
 Forward Pass
 The forward pass calculates an activity's early dates.
 Early dates are the earliest times an activity can start and
finish once its predecessors have been completed.
 The calculation begins with the activities without
predecessors.
 Early Start (ES) + Duration - 1 = Early Finish (EF)
Lesson 9
124
A
5
ES 1 EF 5
C
15
ES 11 EF 25
B
10
ES 1 EF 10
Lesson 9
Forward pass
124
 Backward Pass
 The backward pass calculates an activity's late dates.
 Late dates are the latest times an activity can start and
finish without delaying the end date of the project.
 The calculation begins with the activities without successors
(activity C in the graphic below).
 For projects without a Must Finish By date, activities without
successors are assigned a Late Finish equal to the latest
calculated Early Finish date (25 in the graphic below).
 Late Finish (LF) - Duration + 1 = Late Start (LS)
Lesson 9
125
Backward pass
LS 6 LF 10
A
5
ES 1 EF 5 LS 11 LF 25
C
15
LS 1 LF 10 ES 11 EF 25
Lesson 9
B
10
ES 1 EF 10
125
 Total Float
 The amount of time an activity can slip from its early Start
without delaying the project.
 The difference between an activity's late dates and early
dates.
 Activities with zero Total Float are critical.
 Late date - Early date = Total Float (TF)
 An activity's Total Float is automatically calculated each
time you schedule the project. You cannot edit an
activity's float values directly.
 The critical path is the series of activities that
Lesson 9
determines a project's completion date. Activities B and

C are on the critical path in the graphic below.
126
Total Float
LS LF
Positive float
ES EF
Positive float
LS LF
Zero float
(critical)
ES EF
LS LF
Negative Float
Lesson 9
(extremely
critical) ES EF
Negative float
126
Backward pass
LS 6 LF 10
A
5
ES 1 EF 5 LS 11 LF 25
TF = 5 Path
ic al
Cri
t C
15
LS 1 LF 10 ES 11 EF 25
TF = 0
B
10
ES 1 EF 10
Lesson 9
TF = 0
Forward pass
127
 Backward Pass with Required Finish

 One of the most common project scenarios is a required
finish date for the project.
 Used only during the backward pass.
 Required finish date specifies when the project must finish
regardless of the network's duration and logic.
 Late Finish - Duration + 1 = Late Start
Lesson 9
128
Backward pass
Critical Activities
LS 1 LF 5
Must Finish By:
A Day 20*
5
ES 1 EF 5 LS 6 20*
LF 25
TF =0
C
15
LS-4 LF 5 ES 11 EF 25
TF =-5
B
Lesson 9
10
 Which activities are critical
ES 1 EF 10
based on Total Float?
TF =-5 128
Backward pass
LS 1 LF 5
Must Finish By:
A Day 20*
5
ES 1 EF 5 LS 6 20*
LF 25
TF =0
P ath
ge s t C
Lon 15
LS-4 LF 5 ES 11 EF 25
TF =-5
B
Lesson 9
10
 Which activities are critical
ES 1 EF 10
based on Longest Path?
TF =-5 128
Circular Relationships (Loops)

 Loops indicate circular logic between two activities.
 Primavera will not calculate a schedule until the loop
is eliminated.
 A dialog box is displayed listing the activities in the
loop
BA1010 BA1020 BA1030

Lesson 9
129
 Open Ends
 Open Ends are activities without a predecessor or
successor.
 No predecessor - Activity uses data date as its Early Start.
 No successor - Activity uses project finish as its Late Finish
 Open-ended activities can portray an unrealistic amount of
positive total float.
Lesson 9
130
Open Ends cont.
10 70 FINISH
START
20 30 50 60 80 90
40
NOTE: Primavera recommends that each project have

Lesson 9
only two open ends, the start milestone activity and the
finish milestone activity. 130
Open Ends cont.
10 Oops! Open 70 FINISH
ends.
START
20 30 50 60 80 90
40
Notice the relationship between activity 30 and 50 is

Lesson 9
missing, creating two additional open ends.

What will happen when this network is scheduled?
130
Scheduling a Project
 When you schedule a project, activity dates are

calculated according to durations and logic.
 Mark the Log to file checkbox to record scheduling
results in a log file (.txt).
 After you schedule the project, note the change in the
position of activities on the Gantt Chart. Activities are
displayed according to their calculated start and finish
dates. Critical activities are displayed in red.
Lesson 9
131
Scheduling a Project (cont.)
 Schedule Log
 The Schedule Log records scheduling results, including:
 Scheduling/leveling settings
 Statistics
 Errors
 Warnings
 Scheduling/leveling results
 Exceptions
Lesson 9
132
Driving Relationships
 An activity may have a relationship from a predecessor

that determines its Early Start. This logic tie is called a
driving relationship.
 A solid relationship line indicates a driving relationship.
 A dashed relationship line indicates a non-driving
relationship.
 BA3040 and BA3050 do not drive the start of BA3070.
 BA3060 drives the start of BA3070.
Lesson 9
133
Key Concepts
 After relationship logic has been defined, schedule the

project to determine when the activities will take place.
 Schedule dates can be calculated based on the critical path,
a series of activities that determine a project's completion
date.
 When scheduling using the Critical Path Method, activity
Early Start and Finish dates are calculated during a forward
pass, and the Late Start and Finish dates are calculated
during the backward pass.
 The data date is used as a starting point when scheduling
all remaining work for the project.
Lesson 9
 After scheduling, activities will have a total float that

represents the amount of time an activity can be delayed
without delaying the project.
139
Driving Relationships (cont.)
 Key Concepts
 After scheduling, results are recorded in a Schedule Log.
Lesson 9
139
Assigning Constraints
Lesson 10
141
Lesson Objectives
 Apply an overall deadline to a project

 Apply a constraint to an individual activity
 Add notebook topics to constrained activities
 Describe the available constraint types
Lesson 10
141
Constraints
 Constraints are imposed restrictions used to reflect

project requirements that cannot be built into the logic.
 Use constraints to build a schedule that more accurately
reflects the real-world aspects of the project, provide
added control to the project, and impose a restriction
on the entire project or an individual activity
 Constraints are user-imposed.
 Two constraints can be assigned to an activity.
 After applying a constraint, the project must be rescheduled
to calculate the new dates.
Lesson 10
142
Commonly Used Constraints (cont.)
 Must Finish By
 Used when an overall project deadline must be met.
 Forces all activities in the project to finish by the date (and
time) specified.
 By default, the time associated to the Must Finish By date is set
to 12:00 am. This means that if the project must finish by the
end of day on 1-Nov, assign a Must Finish By of 02-Nov.
 Affects the total float of the entire project.
 Must be applied in the Dates tab in Project Details.
 The current Early Finish of Building Addition project is 17-
Nov-10. You will apply a Must Finish By constraint of 02-
Lesson 10
Nov-10.
 The next step is to reschedule the project to see the effect
of the imposed deadline on the late dates and Total Float
in the project plan.
143
Start On or After
 Used to set the earliest date an activity can
begin.
 Forces the activity to start no earlier than the
constraint date
 Pushes the early start to the constraint date
 Affects the early dates of its successors
LS LF LS LF
A B
Lesson 10
ES * EF ES EF
145
Start On or After
 Used to set the earliest date an activity can
begin.
 Forces the activity to start no earlier than the
constraint date
 Pushes the early start to the constraint date
 Affects the early dates of its successors
LS LF LS LF
Lesson 10
A A B B
ES ES EF
* EF ES ES EF EF
145
 Adding Notebook Topic

 When a constraint is assigned to an activity, it is
recommended that you add a note to document why
the constraint was assigned. You can use the Notebook
tab in the Activities window to document these reasons.
Lesson 10
147
Finish On or Before
 Used to set intermediate completion points
 Forces the activity to finish no later than the
constraint date
 Pulls the late finish date to the constraint
date
 Affects the late dates of its predecessors
LS LF LS LF *
Lesson 10
A B
ES EF ES EF 148
Finish On or Before
 Used to set intermediate completion points
 Forces the activity to finish no later than the
constraint date
 Pulls the late finish date to the constraint
date
 Affects the late dates of its predecessors
LS LSLF LF LS LS
LF * LF
Lesson 10
A A B B
ES EF ES EF 148
 Start On
 Forces the activity to start on the constraint date.
 Shifts both Early and Late Start dates.
 Delays an Early Start or accelerates a Late Start.
 Used to specify dates submitted by contractors or vendors.
Lesson 10
150
 Start On or Before
 Forces the activity to start no later than the constraint date.
 Shifts the Late Start to the constraint date.
 Affects the late dates of its predecessors.
 Used to place a deadline on the start of the activity.
Lesson 10
150
 Finish On
 Forces the activity to finish on the constraint date.
 Shifts both Early and Late Finish dates.
 Delays an Early Finish or accelerates a Late Finish.
 Used to satisfy intermediate project deadlines.
Lesson 10
150
 Finish On or After
 Forces the activity to finish no earlier than the constraint
date.
 Shifts the Early Finish to the constraint date.
 Affects the early dates of its successors.
 Used to prevent an activity from finishing too early.
Lesson 10
150
 As Late As Possible
 Delays an activity as late as possible without delaying its
successors.
 Shifts the early dates as late as possible.
 Also called a zero free float constraint.
Lesson 10
150
 Mandatory Start and Finish

 Forces early and late dates to be equal to the constraint
date.
 Affects late dates of predecessors and early dates of
successors.
 May violate network logic.
Lesson 10
150
 Key Concepts
 Assign constraints to activities and projects to reflect real-
world restrictions.
 A maximum of two constraints can be assigned to an
activity.
 The Must Finish By constraint is used when an overall
project deadline must be met.
 Use the Start On or After constraint to set the earliest date
an activity can begin.
Lesson 10
151
Roles and Resources
Lesson 13
179
Lesson Objectives
 Describe roles
 Views the roles dictionary
 Describe resources
 Identify the differences between labor, nonlabor and
material resources
 View the resource dictionary
Lesson 13
179
Roles and Resources
 Before you begin to manage resources in Primavera,

you must understand the difference between a role and
a resource:
 Role - A role is a job title or skill - for example, Software
Engineer, Project Manager, Trainer, and Database
Administrator.
 Resource - A resource is an individual (or equipment or
material) used to complete an activity.
Lesson 13
180
Roles and Resources (cont.)
 The Role dictionary and Resource dictionary are

enterprise data - available for use across all projects.
After roles and resources are defined, roles can be
associated to resources, identifying the skill sets of each
resource. Each resource also can be assigned a primary
role, which defines the core skill or responsibility in the
organization.
 Some organizations use roles as placeholders in activity
assignments until specific resources are assigned to do
the work.
Lesson 13
180
Lesson 13
180
Defining Roles
 The Roles dictionary contains four tabs:

 General tab - Lists the Role ID and Role Name. The
Responsibilities field lists the skills required to perform the
role.
 Resources tab - Lists the resources that are capable of
performing the responsibilities associated with the role as
well as their proficiency.
 Prices tab - There are five available price per unit values.
The title of these values can be defined in the Rates tab in
Admin Preferences.
 Limits tab - Specify allocation limit(s) for a role. Multiple
Lesson 13
limits can be established based on effective date.
181
Defining Roles (cont.)
 Limits Tab
 Use the Limits tab to specify available quantities (limits)
for a role. Setting limits helps you quickly identify areas
of role overload in Resource/Role Usage Profiles. You
can define an unlimited number of role limits for each
role; however, the effective date must be unique.
 By default, role limits are calculated based on the limit
defined for each role's primary resource, which may not
accurately reflect a role's planned allocation. In the
Resource Analysis tab in User Preferences, Resource
Lesson 13
Analysis tab, you can choose to display role limits based

on the custom role limits you define or based on the
calculated primary resources' limit.
183
Defining Resources
 A resource is anything used to complete an activity. The

Resources window contains information about all
resources within the organization, enabling centralized
resource management. Resources are divided into three
categories:
 Labor (people) - Measured in units of time.
 Generally re-used between activities/projects.
 Recorded in terms of price/unit - for example, $50.00/hour.
 Nonlabor (equipment) - Measured in units of time.
 Recorded in terms of price/unit - for example, $465.00/hour.
 Material - Measured in units other than time - for example,
Lesson 13
$4.50/sf.
184
Resource Details
 Use Resource Details to add, view, and edit detailed

information about the selected resource.
Lesson 13
185
Resource Details (cont.)
 General Tab
 The General tab enables you to enter general
information about the selected resource including the
resource's ID, name, employee ID, title, e-mail address,
office phone number, and status.
Lesson 13
185
 Codes Tab
 The Codes tab enables you to assign resource code
values to further categorize the selected resource for
grouping and organizing.
Lesson 13
185
 Details Tab
 The Details tab enables you to enter the selected
resource's labor classification, currency and overtime
settings, and profile.
 Labor Classification - Indicates the resource is Labor,
Nonlabor or Material.
 Unit of Measure - Utilized for material resources. Select to
determine what unit the resource utilizes.
 Currency - Indicates the currency associated with the
resource's costs.
 Overtime Allowed - Mark to indicate the resource can enter
Lesson 13
overtime hours in Timesheets, or in the Resources tab in

Activity Details.
186
 Details Tab
 Overtime Factor - Indicates the value by which the
resource's standard price should be multiplied to determine
the resource's overtime price.
 Calendar - Calendar used to identify resource availability.
 Default Units/Time - Indicates the units/time that will be
applied when the resource is assigned to an activity.
 Auto Compute Actuals - Mark to automatically calculate the
resource's actual quantity of work according to the project
plan.
 Calculate costs from units - Mark to calculate the cost of an
Lesson 13
activity based on the assigned units.
186
 Units & Prices Tab

 The Units & Prices tab enables you to set prices and
availability according to time.
 Effective Date - The effective start date for price and
availability.
 Max Units/Time - A numeric value or percentage the
resource can perform in a single work period, according to
effective date, e.g., 8 h/d (100%) = full-time or 4 h/d
(50%) = part-time. Setting this limit allows you to quickly
identify areas of resource overallocation in resource
profiles/spreadsheets.
Lesson 13
 Price/Unit - Set the resource's price for a single work unit,

according to the effective date.
187
 Key Concepts
 A role is a job title or skill, for example, Trainer or Manager.
 A resource is someone - or something - used to complete
an activity.
 Roles can be assigned to resources to aid in resource
management. Multiple roles and a single primary role can
be assigned to each resource.
 Resources are divided into three categories: Labor (people);
Nonlabor (equipment); Material (measured in units other
than time, e.g., $4.50/square foot).
 Roles are defined in the Roles dictionary.
Lesson 13
 Resources are defined in the Resources window, where you

can use Resource Details to view and edit information about
resources.
188
Assigning Roles
Lesson 14
189
Lesson Objectives
 Assign roles to an activity

 Assign rates on roles
Lesson 14
189
Assigning Roles to Activities
 If you know which skill sets are required for each

activity - but not the exact people who will perform the
work - you can assign roles to the activities. Role
assignments will act as placeholders, which you can use
later to assign the resources.
 To assign a role to an activity, click Add Role in the
Resources tab in Activity Details.
Lesson 14
190
Assigning Roles to Activities
 If you know which skill sets are required for each

activity - but not the exact people who will perform the
work - you can assign roles to the activities. Role
assignments will act as placeholders, which you can use
later to assign the resources.
 To assign a role to an activity, click Add Role in the
Resources tab in Activity Details.
Lesson 14
190
Assigning Roles to Activities (cont.)
 Assign Multiple Roles to an Activity

 Use Control-click to select and assign multiple roles to a
single activity.
Lesson 14
192
Assigning Roles to Activities (cont.)
 Assigning a Role to Multiple Activities

 You can assign a single role to multiple activities by
selecting activities in the Activity Table and then clicking
Roles in the Command bar.
 To select multiple activities:
 If the activities you want to select are contiguous - Select
the first activity and then Shift-click to select the last
activity.
 If the activities you want to select are not contiguous - Use
Control-click to select individual activities.
Lesson 14
193
Assigning Rates on Roles
 Rate types are assigned to roles in the Resources tab in

Activity Details.
 The rate type determines the price/unit used to
calculate costs for the assignment. The names for each
rate type are defined by your system administrator in
the Rate Types tab of Admin Preferences. When you
select a rate type, the monetary value is updated
automatically in the Price/Unit column.
Lesson 14
194
Assigning Rates on Roles (cont.)
 Key Concepts
 Role assignments can act as a placeholder, which you can
later use to assign a specific resource.
 You can assign a single role to an activity; multiple roles to
a single activity; or a single role to multiple activities.
 You can also assign rates to roles. The rate type determines
the price/unit used to calculate costs for the assignment.
Lesson 14
195
Assigning Resources and Costs
Lesson 15
197
Lesson Objectives
 Assign resources by role

 Assign labor, nonlabor, and material resources to
activities
 Adjust Budgeted Units/Time for a resource
 Assign expenses to activities
Lesson 15
197
Steps for Resource Management
 Following are the basic steps for resource management:

 Define resource availability.
 Set up the resource name, description, cost, roles, and
attributes that control the resource's effect on the schedule.
 Enter the resource name and amount of work planned.
 The cost is calculated based on the resource quantity and
price/unit as defined in the Resources window.
 Use the Resource Usage Profile to view resource quantity/cost
information graphically. The profile helps you analyze when,
and to what extent, a resource is allocated.
 Use the Resource Usage Spreadsheet to view resource
quantity/cost information in a tabular format. Like the
Lesson 15
Resource Usage Profile, the spreadsheet helps you analyze

resource allocation.
 Use columns to view total costs.
198
Assigning by Role
 Resource assignments can be made by replacing a role

assignment with a specific resource.
 At least one role must be assigned to an activity to
assign resources by role. When you assign by role, only
those resources assigned to the role are displayed in
the Assign Resources by Role dialog box.
 When assigning resources by role, a confirmation dialog
box is displayed if the resource selected to replace the
role assignment has different default quantity/cost
settings. These settings include Price/Time, Units/Time,
Lesson 15
and Overtime Factor values.
199
Assigning by Role (cont.)
 In responding to the dialog box:

 Click No - Apply the role's quantity/cost settings.
 Click Yes - Apply the resource's quantity/cost settings.
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200
Assigning by Role (cont.)
 Assigning By Role to Multiple Activities

 You can select multiple activities to simultaneously
replace their role assignments. You can also assign
multiple resources by roles to multiple activities
simultaneously.
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201
Assigning Resources
 Depending on numerous factors - including the type of

activity or type of resource - you may need to adjust
Budgeted Units or Units/Time when assigning a
resource.
 Budgeted Units - The number of units, hours for example,
that a resource is assigned to work on the activity.
 Units/Time - The number of units (hours) a resource is
scheduled to work in a specific time period - for example, 8
hours/day.
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202
Assigning Resources (cont.)
 Assigning Resource to Level of Effort Activity

 When you assign a resource to an activity, this
calculation is performed: Duration x Units/Time = Units.
Typically, a resource is not assigned to work on a level
of effort activity full time. Therefore, the Units/Time
must be adjusted after making the resource
assignment.
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202
 Assigning a Nonlabor Resource

 If a role is not designated as a placeholder in an
activity, assign a resource directly from the Resource
dictionary. Resources in the dictionary can be used on
any activity. An unlimited number of resources can be
assigned.
 The Search feature can help you quickly search the
resource dictionary for a backhoe, a nonlabor resource
which is required to work on the Backfill and Compact
Walls activity.
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203
 Adjusting Resource's Budgeted Units/Time

 You can adjust Budgeted Units/Time after making a
resource assignment. In the example below, you will
manually type 16h/d in the Budgeted Units/Time
column, indicating that two laborers at 8h/d will work
on the activity.
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204
 Designating a Primary Resource

 The primary resource is the person responsible for
coordinating an activity's work. An activity can have one
or no primary resource.
 Only the primary resource can send feedback via Primavera
Timesheets to the project manager, informing the project
manager of the status of an activity.
 A primary resource can be assigned to a milestone activity
to allow the milestone to be updated through timesheets.
This assignment is made on in the General tab in Activity
Details.
Lesson 15
 A primary resource can update steps via Timesheets.

 If multiple resources are assigned, the first resource
assigned is designated as the primary resource.
205
 Assigning a Material Resource

 Material resources are not measured in units of time.
For example, Polyform is measured in linear feet and
concrete is measured in cubic yards. Units of measure
are created in Admin Categories. After the unit of
measure is created, it is assigned to the material
resource in the Resource dictionary.
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206
Planning Costs
 Costs are planned and managed at the activity level.

There are two types of costs:
 Resource - Calculated based on resource assignments.
 Expense - Lump sum costs that are manually entered.
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207
Planning Costs (cont.)
 Resource
 The cost of a resource can be calculated based on the
Price/Unit defined in the Resource dictionary and the
Budgeted Units assigned to the activity.
 Budgeted Cost = Budgeted Units x Price/Unit
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207
 Expense
 Expenses are non-resource costs associated with a
project. They are typically one-time expenditures for
non-reusable items. Examples of expenses include
facilities, travel, overhead, and training.
 Expenses are manually assigned at the activity level.
You can enter a single lump sum expense or you can
enter the number of units and the Price/Unit.
 Expense categories can be assigned to classify the expense.
 Expenses can be accrued at the start, end, or uniformly
Lesson 15
over the duration of an activity.

 A unit of measure can be used to label the quantity, for
example, each, pounds, square feet.
208
 Summary Tab
 Use the Summary tab to display unit, cost, or date
information for the selected activity.
 Select Display cost at the bottom of the page to display
the itemized and total cost of the selected activity. The
activity's costs are broken into:
 Labor Cost
 Nonlabor Cost
 Material Cost
 Expenses
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 Total Cost
210
 Key Concepts
 Three steps in resource management are defining
resources; assigning resources; and analyzing resources.
 Resource assignments can be made by replacing a role
assignment with a specific resource. At least one role must
be assigned to an activity to assign resources by role.
 If a role is not designated as a placeholder in an activity,
assign a resource directly from the Resource dictionary.
 When you assign a resource to an activity, this calculation is
performed: Duration x Units/Time = Units.
 When you assign a resource, you can adjust Units/Time or
Lesson 15
Budgeted Units. You can also designate a primary resource.
211
Optimizing the Project Plan
Lesson 17
229
Lesson Objectives
 Analyze schedule dates

 Shorten a project schedule
 Analyze resource availability
 Remove resource overallocation
 Analyze project costs
Lesson 17
229
Analyzing the Project
 Once you have created the project plan, verify that it

meets the project stakeholders' date, resource, and
cost requirements. If an inconsistency exists between
the information in the project plan and the project
requirements, you will be able to identify the source
of the problem and define a solution:
 Analyze schedule dates - Evaluate the schedule to ensure
that milestone dates and project dates are achieved.
 Analyze resource allocation - Evaluate the resources to
Lesson 17
ensure that the resources are not overallocated.

 Analyze cost budget - Evaluate project costs.
230
Analyzing the Project
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230
Analyzing Schedule Dates
 The most important date in the schedule is the

calculated project Finish date. If the calculated Finish
date of the project is beyond the Must Finish By date,
the project must be shortened. In addition, each
deliverable in the project should be scheduled to finish
by the dates imposed by the project stakeholders.
 Steps for analysis:
 Compare the calculated Finish to the Must Finish By date.
 Back up your project plan.
 Focus on critical activities.
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 Shorten the project.
231
Analyzing Schedule Dates (cont.)
 Comparing Finish Date to Must Finish By Date

 You can quickly determine whether the project will
finish on time by viewing the Dates tab in the Projects
window.
 The Office Building Addition project must be finished by
02-Nov-10 - however, the schedule indicates that the
project will not finish until 17-Nov-10. (Note that the
project actually must finish by the close of business on
01-Nov-10 as the Must Finish By constraint is at 12:01
am on November 2.)
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232
Analyzing Schedule Dates (cont.)
 Focusing on Critical Activities

 To shorten the project, focus on critical activities. These
represent the longest continuous path of activities
through a project that determines the project Finish
date. If you adjust a critical activity, the Finish is likely
affected.
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233
Shortening the Project
 If schedule analysis leads you to conclude that the Must

Finish By date cannot be met, concentrate your efforts
on shortening the schedule. Several methods can help
you accomplish this goal:
 Refine duration estimates:
 Break down long activities.
 Assign additional resources to reduce duration.
 Use relationships to overlap activities.
 Apply/modify constraints.
Lesson 17
235
Shortening the Project (cont.)
 Change calendar assignments:

 Put critical activities on a longer workweek.
 Add exceptions to nonworktime.
Lesson 17
235
 Refining Duration Estimates

 Begin the analysis by reviewing the activities with the
longest duration. In general, these activities offer the
greatest flexibility in altering durations.
Lesson 17
236
 Modifying Relationships
 If you need to further compress the schedule, review
relationships between activities on the critical path.
 Currently, there is a Finish-to-Start relationship between
the Site Preparation and Excavation activities. You
determine these activities can be performed at the
same time. Therefore, change the relationship to Start-
to-Start with 5 days of lag.
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237
 Modifying Constraints
 Constraints assigned earlier in the project life cycle may
need to be modified based on the latest information
from the project team. If you modify a constraint, be
sure to also modify the Notebook topic that was created
to document the constraint.
 A resource is available to work on the Excavation
activity. You can now remove the Start On or After
constraint from the Excavation activity.
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238
 Verifying Project Dates

 To see if the project will now finish on time, verify that
no negative Total Float exists on any of the activities in
the project.
 The Total Float for the project equals 1 day and the
calculated Finish date is 29-Oct-10. Therefore, the
project is scheduled to finish before the Must Finish By
date of 2-Nov-10.
Lesson 17
239
Analyzing Resource Allocation
 The project plan is now scheduled to be completed by

the deadline. Before proceeding, verify that resources
are appropriately allocated.
 You can use the Resource Usage Profile to determine
which resources are overallocated/underutilized. You
can then re-assign resources to help even the workload.
Lesson 17
240
Analyzing Resource Allocation (cont.)
 Identifying Resource Overallocation

 The Resource Usage Profile allows you to run a filter to
focus on the activities that are contributing to a
resource's overallocation.
 Using a filter in the Resource Usage Profile, identify the
activities contributing to Oliver Rock's overallocation in
January through February 2010.
Lesson 17
241
 Correcting Overallocation
 If overallocation is identified, choose a method to remove
the overallocation from the specific resource. Several
methods can help you accomplish this goal:
 Replace the overallocated resource with an available resource.
 Increase the resource's workweek.
 Increase the hours/day that the resource works.
 Assign additional resources to the activity.
 After analyzing Oliver Rock's overallocation, you have
decided to use a different resource for activities BA5010
Lesson 17
Review and Approve Brick Samples and BA5020 Prepare

and Solicit Bids for Brick Exterior. Waylan Smithers is not
allocated to work in this time period, so he can be
assigned to the activities.
242
 Correcting Overallocation
 Assign Waylan Smithers to work on the two activities.
Lesson 17
244
 Reviewing Allocation
 Use the Resource Usage Profile to check allocation for
Oliver Rock, who was removed from the activities, and
Waylan Smithers, who was assigned in his place.
Lesson 17
245
 Replacing a Resource
 Note that this functionality is available only when
assigning a resource directly - it is not available in the
Assign Resources by Role dialog box.
Lesson 17
246
Analyzing the Budget
 There are many options for analyzing the budget. By

displaying cost columns in the Activity Table, you can
analyze the budgeted cost of the entire project, as well
as each individual activity.
 $250,000 has been allocated for the Office Building
Addition project. You will display a layout that shows
budgeted cost information so you can determine
whether the project is within this budget.
Lesson 17
247
Analyzing the Budget (cont.)
 Key Concepts
 Optimizing the project plan is the last step in planning your
project. Ensure that the project plan meets its date,
resource, and cost requirements.
 If the calculated Finish date of the project is beyond the
Must Finish By date, the project must be shortened.
Comapare the dates in the Dates tab in Project Details.
 You can use various methods to shorten the project, such
as refining durations, modifying relationships, applying
constraints, and focusing on critical activities.
 Use the Resource Usage Profile to ensure resources are not
Lesson 17
overallocated.
 Evaluate costs to ensure that the project can be completed
within budget.
248
Project Execution and Control
Lesson 19
261
Lesson Objectives
 Describe several methods for updating the project

schedule
 Use Progress Spotlight
 Status activities
 Reschedule the project
Lesson 19
261
Updating a Project
 Once a project has started, you need to update actual

schedule information and resource usage at regular
intervals. Your company will establish a standard
update procedure, including how data is collected and
how often it is updated.
Lesson 19
262
Updating a Project (cont.)
 How Often?
 You may need to update daily, weekly, or monthly,
depending on the length of your project and how
frequently you want to adjust your forecasts.
Lesson 19
262
Updating a Project (cont.)
 How Data is Collected

 Project managers manually enter the actual date, resource,
and cost information.
 Record actual dates and progress, actual resource usage and
cost, and expense costs.
 Approve and apply timesheets.
 Team members use timesheets to update activities.
 Project managers review and approve timesheets.
 Project managers apply timesheets to the project.
 Auto compute actuals.
 Progress of activities is automatically calculated according to
Lesson 19
the project plan.
262
The Data Date
 When updating a project, actuals are recorded for each

activity relative to the data date. The data date is the
date up to which actual performance data is reported
and the date from which future work is scheduled. By
default, the data date is set to the beginning of the day.
Lesson 19
263
Lesson 19
263
Updating Process
 Create a baseline plan.
 Identify the new data date with the Progress Spotlight.
 Enter activity progress.
 Report resource use and costs to date.
 Use Suspend and Resume dates as necessary.
 Apply actuals to the project.
 Perform target analysis.
 Compare the current plan to the target to analyze variances.
 Calculate the schedule.
 Be sure to verify the new data date.
 Monitor project progress with reports.
Lesson 19
264
Updating Process (cont.)
 Determine whether project objectives are being met:

 Will the project finish on time?
 Is it within budget?
 Are project resources being used effectively?
Lesson 19
264
Updating Process (cont.)
 Tips for Statusing

 Use Activity Details tabs or the Activity Table.
 Use Progress Spotlight to identify activities to be updated.
 Use filters and grouping to create a statusing layout.
 Use rolling dates for a time period look-ahead.
 Select only activities to be updated.
 Organize in a useful sequence via activity codes, resources,
and dates.
Lesson 19
264
Defining a Statusing Period
 Define the statusing period before you begin to update
activities. In general, the statusing period begins at the
current data date and ends at a point in the future. The
length of the statusing period depends on the
frequency of your updates. You could, for example,
create a statusing period that extends one week from
the current data date. The end of the statusing period
will become the new data date - the date up to which
actual performance is measured.
Lesson 19
265
Defining a Statusing Period (cont.)
 There are two options to define the statusing period in

the Gantt Chart:
 Activate Progress Spotlight.
 Drag the data date.
 Note that even as you establish a new statusing period,
the new data date must still be manually changed in
the Schedule dialog box.
Lesson 19
265
 Progress Spotlight
 Progress Spotlight creates a visible statusing period
between the current data date and the next status
date. It also provides a highlighted list of activities that
should have progress during the update period.
Lesson 19
266
 Dragging the Data Date

 Highlight the activities to be updated by dragging the
status line to the desired date.
Lesson 19
267
Entering Actuals
 Once a project is underway, you must enter actual

schedule data, resource usage, and expense costs at
regular intervals. You may need to update daily,
weekly, or monthly, depending on the length of your
project and how frequently you want to adjust your
forecasts.
 Actual data is different than planned data - actual data
is the real time and cost associated with an activity.
Lesson 19
268
Entering Actuals (cont.)
 Enter schedule, resource, and cost data in the

following order:
Lesson 19
268
 Completed Activities
 Actual Start and Actual Finish dates
 Actual Regular Units/Costs
 Actual Cost for expenses
Lesson 19
268
 Activities in Progress
 Actual Start date
 Percent Complete and/or Remaining Duration
 Actual Regular Units/Costs and Remaining Units/Costs
 Actual and Remaining Costs for expenses
 If activity work is temporarily halted, use
Suspend/Resume dates.
Lesson 19
268
Statusing Milestones
 To update a start milestone, mark the Started checkbox

and enter the Actual Start date. You do not need to
enter data in the Finish field because the activity type is
a Start Milestone, which has zero duration.
Lesson 19
269
Statusing Activities to Completion
 Three steps must be performed to update an activity to

completion:
 Enter Actual Start and Actual Finish dates.
 Enter Actual Regular Units for resources.
 Enter Actual Cost for expenses.
 Below you will check the Actual Regular Units for the
activity. Note that in this example, data in the Actual
Regular Units field is automatically completed because
Recalculate Actual Units and Cost when duration %
complete changes is selected in the Calculations tab in
Lesson 19
the Projects window for the project.
270
Statusing Activities to Completion (cont.)
 You will now status activity BA1020 - Review and

Approve Designs, which was completed during this
status period. The activity started on time but finished 1
day late. Resource Paul Kim worked an additional 8
hours on the activity.
 When selecting a new date for the Started or Finished
field in the Status tab, mark the checkbox first and then
select the date.
Lesson 19
272
Statusing Activities to Completion (cont.)
 Statusing a Mid-Project Milestone

 A Start Milestone is updated the same way whether it
occurs at the beginning of a project or in mid-project:
Mark the Started checkbox and then enter the Actual
Start date.
Lesson 19
274
Statusing Activities in Progress
 Five steps must be performed to update an activity in
progress:
 Enter Actual Start date.
 Enter Percent Complete and/or Remaining Duration.
 Enter Actual Regular Units and Remaining Units for resources.
 Enter Actual Cost and Remaining Cost for expenses.
 In the example below, activity BA2010 was started during
the status period but is now falling behind schedule. You
will reflect this by increasing the Remaining Duration.
 Actual Regular Units is the number of units that
Lesson 19
resource(s) actually worked on the activity. Remaining

Units represents the amount of work (units) that is
required to complete the activity.
275
Statusing Activities in Progress (cont.)
 The formula for calculating Remaining Units is:

Remaining Units = Remaining Duration * Remaining
Units/Time.
Lesson 19
276
Suspending an Activity
 When an activity starts but is unexpectedly delayed or

stopped for a period of time, you may suspend it.
 A suspended activity must have an Actual Start.
 Use the Status tab to enter Suspend and Resume dates.
 Suspend date - The last day that work was conducted on the
activity.
 Resume date - The first day that work will continue on the
activity.
 The actual duration excludes suspension time.
 Use the Notebook tab to document the reason for the
suspension.
Lesson 19
 In the exercise below, the Excavation activity was

started late and then was suspended due to a
snowstorm.
277
Statusing Activities to Completion
 The Review and Submit Flooring Samples activity has
finished 1 day early.
 Resource Oliver Rock worked 8 hours less than planned on
the activity. Update Actual Units to 56 hours.
 The Assemble Brick Samples activity also was completed
during this status period.
 The Assemble Technical Data for Heat Pump activity was
started and finished in this update period.
 The Assemble Technical Data for Heat Pump activity has an
expense that is running over its budgeted amount. You will
update the expenses for the activity to reflect the spending.
Lesson 19
 In the Expense tab, the field for At Completion Cost

($600.00) is calculated by adding Actual Cost ($600.00) +
Remaining Cost ($0.00).
279
Rescheduling the Project
 Now that actuals have been entered, it is time to

reschedule the project based on the new data date. Any
activities that did not finish on time will delay their
successor activities.
Lesson 19
284
Rescheduling the Project (cont.)
 Viewing the Results of Rescheduling Project

 After the project has been rescheduled, the successors
to the delayed activity, BA2020, have also been
delayed.
 Analyze the activities on the critical path.
 Review the project's performance to date.
 Develop strategies for getting the project back on track.
 Gain agreement within your project team.
 Implement the revised project plan.
Lesson 19
285
Controlling the Project
 After scheduling a project, analyze schedule dates,

resource allocation, and the cost budget.
Lesson 19
286
Controlling the Project (cont.)
 Analyzing Schedule Dates

 Analyze the schedule to determine if milestone dates and
project dates are being met.
 Compare the calculated Finish date to the Must Finish By date
to see if you will complete the project on time.
 If the project is behind schedule, analyze critical activities.
 Adjust the project to meet your project Finish date.
Lesson 19
286
 Analyzing Resource Allocation

 After adjusting the project, determine if resources are being
used effectively.
Lesson 19
286
 Analyzing the Cost Budget

 After adjusting the project, view At Completion Total Cost to
determine if you are within your budget.
Lesson 19
286
Compressing the Schedule
 If the calculated Finish date is later than the Must Finish

By date, you can use several methods to shorten the
project:
 Use relationships to overlap activities.
 Add resources to reduce durations.
 Break down long activities.
 Change calendar assignments:
 Put critical activities on a longer workweek.
 Add exceptions to non-worktime.
Lesson 19
287
Compressing the Schedule (cont.)
 You can use the following set of questions to help you

decide how to most appropriately adjust the schedule:
 Can the Finish date of the project slip?
 The project may need to be delayed if no other options are
available.
 If the delay is approved, adjust the affected milestones.
 If the delay is not approved, find another way to meet the
project milestones and Finish date of the project.
 Can the scope of the activity/project decrease?
 In some cases, in order to meet the project milestones and
finish date, you can decrease the total amount of work that will
Lesson 19
be accomplished, i.e., decrease the scope of the project.

 If the scope change is approved, decrease the scope by
reducing the total hours worked on activities. This will change
the duration of the activities.
287
 If the scope change is not approved, find another way

to meet the project milestones and Finish date of the
project.
 Were the budgeted hours over- or under-estimated?
 You may have overestimated the number of hours to

complete activities; the scope of work can be accomplished
in fewer hours.
 You can decrease the total hours worked on activities,
which decreases the duration of the activities.
 Can an additional resource be assigned?
Lesson 19
 You can assign another resource to the activity to finish it

on time.
 This may be possible if another resource with the necessary
skills is available.
287
 If a resource is available, you can assign it to make up

the hours.
 Can the resource work overtime?
 The resource may need to work overtime to complete an

activity on time.
 If this is possible, you can decrease the duration of the
activity, then enter the original remaining hours.
 The hours the resource works each day will increase.
Lesson 19
288
Reporting Performance
Lesson 20
295
Lesson Objectives
 Describe reporting methods

 Run a schedule report
 Create a resource report with the Report wizard
 Create a report using the current layout
Lesson 20
295
Methods for Performance Reporting
 There are many methods to distribute schedule,

resource, and cost performance information to the
project team, including:
 Printed layouts
 Printed reports from the Report wizard
 Printed reports from Report Writer
 Project Web site
 Timesheets
 Primavera Web applications
Lesson 20
296
Reports Window
 The Reports window displays reports for schedule,

resource, and cost.
Lesson 20
297
Running an Existing Report
 You can report schedule performance using a pre-

defined schedule report.
Lesson 20
298
Running an Existing Report (cont.)
 Run Report Dialog Box

 Use the Run Report dialog box to compile and print the
selected report.
 Print Preview - Preview the report before printing it.
 Directly to Printer - Compile and print the report.
 HTML File - Compile and save the report as an HTML file.
 ASCII Text File - Choose to compile and save the report as
a delimited text file (.txt).
 Field Delimiter - Select the character used to separate
categories of information that you save in delimited text
format (i.e., comma, tab, space).
Lesson 20
 Text Qualifier - Select the character used to separate

categories of data that you save in delimited text format (.txt)
if the data contains the field delimiter you specify, such as
quote marks (").
299
 Run Report Dialog Box

 Output file - If you choose HTML File or ASCII Text File,
click to specify the file name and location where you want
to save the report.
 View file when done - Mark this checkbox to automatically
open the report in your default Web browser for an HTML
file or your default text viewer for an ASCII text file.
 Notes - Use to add a comment to the report. Comment
appears directly under the report title.
Lesson 20
299
 Print Preview
 Print preview allows you to make modifications to the
layout before printing.
Lesson 20
300
Print Preview Dialog Box
Item Functionality
1. Page Setup Define report's header/footer, margins, and

orientation.
2. Print Setup Select the default printer, print size, and page
orientation.
3. Print Print the displayed report.
4. Publish Print the report in HTML format.
5. Display the previous or next page of the displayed

Left/Right/Up/Dow report.
Lesson 20
n
6. Last/First Page Display the first or last page of the displayed
report.
300
Print Preview Dialog Box (cont.)
Item Functionality
7. Zoom In/Out Magnify/reduce your view of the displayed report.
8. Help Open Help.
9. Close Close Print Preview and return to the previous

window.
Lesson 20
300
 Printing Reports
 Printing reports is an effective way to communicate
project information with resources and other project
managers.
 The report below displays the Original Duration,
Remaining Duration, Percent Complete, Activity Name,
Early Start, Early Finish, Late Start, Late Finish and
Total Float of all the activities in the project.
Lesson 20
300
Report Wizard
 The Report wizard enables you to easily create a wide

variety of ad hoc reports. The reports can be modified
as they are built, or they can be reopened later to be
modified.
 To create a wizard report:
 Select a base table and pertinent data fields.
 Organize the data via grouping, sorting, and filtering
options.
Lesson 20
302
Report Wizard (cont.)
 Create or Modify Report

 You will use the wizard to create a report that shows
the resource assignments on the project and related
Notebook topics.
Lesson 20
303
 Configure Selected Subject Areas

 Select the columns you would like to use in the report.
Lesson 20
305
 Adding a Filter to the Report

 Select the filter you would like to use in the report.
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306
 Print Preview
 You can preview the report before printing. To print,
click the Print icon.
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309
Saving a Report
 After reviewing your report, you can save it and assign

it to a specific report group.
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Saving a Report (cont.)
 Assigning a Report to a Report Group

 To easily locate a report, you can assign it to a report
group. A report can be assigned to only one report
group.
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Creating a Report Using the Current
Layout
 The Report wizard can also be used to create reports
based on the layout that is currently displayed. Reports
can be modified as they are built through the wizard.
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Layout (cont.)
 Key Concepts
 The Reports window displays reports for schedule, resource,
and cost.
 You can report schedule performance by choosing one of
the pre-defined schedule reports listed in the Reports
window.
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Layout (cont.)
 Key Concepts
 The Report wizard enables you to easily create a wide
variety of ad hoc reports. The reports can be modified as
they are built, or they can be reopened later to be modified.
To create a wizard report:
 Select a base table and pertinent data fields.
 Organize the data via grouping, sorting, and filtering options.
 The Report wizard can also be used to create reports based
on the layout that is currently displayed.
Lesson 20
316

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Topics (cont.

Assigning Resources and Costs

 Before logging in to Primavera, it is important to

 Thresholds and issues

 Type a valid Login Name and Password to log in to

1. Toolbar Displays icons that allow you to change look of

6. Vertical Split bar Drag bar to hide/show more information in each

7. Horizontal Split bar Hide or show more information in top/bottom

can customize layouts by selecting columns and by

 Describe the components that comprise the Enterprise

 The Enterprise Project Structure (EPS) is a hierarchy

 You can use the Enterprise Project Structure dialog box

 The EPS offers many benefits, including the ability to:

information. For example, Tim Harris can view only the

 A project can be created using a variety of methods:

 Entering Project Name

 Entering Project Start and End Dates

 Entering Responsible Manager

 Selecting Assignment Rate Type

 Running Project Architect

 The project has been created and opened.

Projects window. Numbers in the table correspond to

 Project Details is located in the bottom layout of the

Status Indicates project is ...

Planned Being analyzed before establishing permanent

What-if Used as test scenario.

 Check-out Status - Indicates whether the project is checked

calculated when the project was last scheduled.

 Define a Work Breakdown Structure

 The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a hierarchical

 When a project is created, a root level WBS element is

 WBS elements added to the root level element are

WBS. This is illustrated below, when the WBS element

 You can determine the level that WBS elements group

 Describe an activity and its components

 Activities are the fundamental work elements of a

 Use the Activities window to create, view, and modify

 The New Activity wizard walks you through the process

 While in the Activities window, you can click Add in the

 Assigning Activity Type

Activity Calendar Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

2 Day (X) Activity

Activity Calendar Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

2 Day (X) Activity

 Assigning Activity Type

 Assigning Activity Type

 Completing the New Activity Wizard

 You can use the Activity Details tabs to add an activity,

 You can use the columns in the Activity Table to add an

 Activity steps allow you create a checklist for the

 The Review and Approve Designs activity can be broken

 Activity step templates enable you to define a group of

 Activity codes enable you to classify and categorize

 Activity codes can be defined in three levels:

 Create up to 500 activity codes per project.

 Each activity code (global, EPS, and project) may contain an

Type Can be assigned to Number

Global- Activities in all projects Unlimited

Project- Activities in project in which code was 500

 Assigning Activity Codes to an Activity

 Assigning Activity Codes to Multiple Activities

 Calendars can be created and assigned to each activity

 Create a network logic diagram