General

Education
 Lecturer:

Joshua S. Canseco
TOP 1 - LET September 2019
In more than 2 years of
preparation…
how ready are you?
PARTS OF SPEECH:
A. Noun – names a person/place/thing
B. Pronoun – replaces nouns (He, She, It)
C. Verb – denotes action/occurrence
D. Adjective – modifies nouns/pronoun
E. Adverb – modifies a verb/adjective/adverb
F. Preposition – denotes relationship of elements (in, on, at)
G. Conjunction – connects sentences (FANBOYS)
H. Interjection – expresses emotions (Ah!, Oh!, Hey!)
• PROSE – expressed in common flow
• POETRY – expressed in verse, rhythm, measure, sound
• FICTION – describes imaginary events and characters
• NONFICTION – fact-based content
 ELEMENTS OF A STORY/FICTION
• SETTING – time and place of story
• CHARACTER – representations of human beings
• PLOT – sequence of events in the story
• POINT OF VIEW – determines the narrator of the story
• THEME – significant value or truth told by the story
• CONFLICT:
person vs. person person vs. nature
person vs. society person vs. supernatural
person vs. self person vs. fate/destiny
FIGURES OF SPEECH:
A. SIMILE – an indirect comparison (uses like, as, similar to, than)
ex. She looks like a doll.
B. METAPHOR – a direct comparison
ex. She is a doll.
C. PERSONIFICATION – human characteristics are
attributed to inanimate object.
ex. The wind touches my skin.
FIGURES OF SPEECH:
D. SYNECDOCHE – a part represents the whole
ex. A face that launched a thousand ships.
E. OXYMORON – self-contrasting statement
ex. There was a loud silence.
F. IRONY – sarcasm
ex. A post on Facebook complains about how
useless Facebook is.
FIGURES OF SPEECH:
G. METONYMY – name substitution
ex. The Malacañang announced a holiday.
H. APOSTROPHE – call to someone absent or abstract
ex. LET cutieee.
I. HYPERBOLE – exaggeration
ex. I waited millions of years just to take the LET.
LITERATURES OF THE WORLD
• UNCLE TOM’S CABIN – United States
• ONE THOUSAND ONE NIGHTS – Persia/Arabia
• ILIAD AND ODYSSEY – Greece
• INFERNO – Italy
• MAHABHARATA – India
• LES MISERABLES – France
• NOLI ME TANGERE AT EL FILIBUSTERISMO –
Philippines
• EL CID CAMPEADOR – Spain
• CANTERBURRY TALES – England
• BIBLE – Christian
• QURAN – Islam
LITERARY AUTHORS
• THE ANALECTS – Confucius
• AENEID – Virgil
• THE DIVINE COMEDY – Dante Alighieri
• HAMLET – William Shakespeare
• THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES – Charles Darwin
• ANNABEL LEE – Edgar Allan Poe
• THE TALE OF TWO CITIES – Charles Dickens
• TOM SAWYER – Mark Twain
• THE ROAD NOT TAKEN – Robert Frost
• SUMMER SOLSTICE – Nick Joaquin
• MI ULTIME ADIOS – Jose Rizal
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
1. come hell or high water – he/she will not leave your side
2. under the weather – sick
3. back to square one – start again
4. in your face – prove something aggressively
5. bring home the bacon – win the game
6. flogging a dead horse – the work/activity is useless
7. be in limelight – be the center of attention
8. put your finger in the pie – take part in the task/work
9. tickled pink – very happy
10. hold your horses – be patient
11. when pigs fly – impossible to happen
VOCABULARIES:
1. red-letter day – a special day
2. emulate – imitate, follow
3. ostracize – exclude
4. candor – frank
5. rancor – bitterness
6. abase – degrade
7. persiflage – light banter
8. emancipate – to be set free
9. impertinent – not related
10. aplomb – poise and self confidence
• Fundamentals of Math
• Plane Geometry
• Elementary Algebra
• Statistics and Probability
• PEMDAS – parenthesis, exponents, MD, AS
• LCM – least common multiple
• GCF – greatest common factor
• CONVERSION TECHNIQUES:
percent to decimal – 55%  55  0.55
decimal to percent – 0.345  34.5  34.5%
percent to fraction – 39%  39  0.39  39/100
– 0.20%  0.0020 
0020/1000  1/500
Finding LCM: Listing Method
Finding LCM: Prime Factorization/Factor Tree
Finding GCF: Listing Method

2x2x2=8
• PERCENTAGE = base(b) x rate(r)
• BASE = percentage(P)/rate(r)
• RATE = percentage(P)/base(b)
• REAL NUMBERS - √2, -2021, 0.2021, 20/21
• RATIONAL NUMBERS – 0, 1, ½, ¼, 0.333333…
• IRRATIONAL NUMBERS - √2, √3, √5, 3.1415….
• NON-INTEGERS – ½, 2 ¼, 0.2021
• INTEGERS - -1, 0, 1, -2021
Relational Symbols for Meaning
Inequalities
> greater than
< less than
≥ at least, greater than or equal to

 ≤ at most, less than or equal to

≠ not equal
DIVISIBILITY
RULES
• TRIANGLE – 3-sided figure
• QUADRILATERAL – 4-sided figure
• PENTAGON – 5-sided figure
• HEXAGON – 6-sided figure
• HEPTAGON – 7-sided figure
• OCTAGON – 8-sided figure
• NONAGON – 9-sided figure
• DECAGON – 10-sided figure
• UNDECAGON – 11-sided figure
• DODECAGON – 12-sided figure
• RIGHT TRIANGLE – has one 90° or right angle
• ACUTE TRIANGLE – has 3 angles with less than 90°
• OBTUSE TRIANGLE – has one obtuse angle
• STRAIGHT LINE – has 180° angle
• Biological Science - General Biology
• Physical Science- with Earth Science
 SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES
1. Curiosity – asks questions, gains interest
2. Honesty – reports results truthfully
3. Humility – does not monopolize idea
4. Open-mindedness – accepts opinions
5. Patience & Perseverance – does not give up
6. Objective – separate personal biases from
actual findings
• BIOLOGY – study of living things
• BOTANY – study of plants
• ZOOLOGY – study of animals
• GEOLOGY – study of earth’s structure
• PHYSICS – study of matter and energy
• CHEMISTRY – study of structure of matter
• ASTRONOMY – study of the outer space
• MICROBIOLOGY – study of microorganisms
• MYCOLOGY – study of fungi
• VIROLOGY – study of virus
Methods of Heat Transfer
1. Conduction – direct contact
2. Convection – transfer through fluid
3. Radiation – transfer through waves
Changes of Phase
1. Melting/Fusion – solid to liquid
2. Freezing/Solidification – liquid to solid
3. Vaporization – liquid to gas
4. Condensation – gas to liquid
5. Sublimation – solid to gas
 SYMBIOSIS
• MUTUALISM – both organisms benefit
• COMMENSALISM – the other organism is neutral
• PARASITISM – presence of host and parasite
• PREDATION – presence of prey and predator
• COMPETITION – organisms compete for food/space
 TYPES OF ANIMALS

• CARNIVORE – organisms that mostly eat meat

• HERBIVORE – organisms that mostly eat plant
• OMNIVORE – eats both meat and plant
TAXONOMY OF ANIMALS
DOMAIN
KINGDOM Dear
King
PHYLUM Philip
CLASS Came
ORDER Over
FAMILY For
GENUS Good
SPECIES Soup
MVEM JSUN
LAYERS OF THE EARTH
• Komunikasyon sa Akademikong
Filipino
• Pagbasa at Pagsulat tungo sa
Pananaliksik
• Masining na Pagpapahayag
 TAYUTAY (figures of speech)

• PAGTUTULAD – di-tahasang paghahambing

• PAGWAWANGIS – tahasang paghahambing
• PAGMAMALABIS – naglalabis sa paglalawarawan
• PAGTAWAG – madamdaming pakikipag-usap
sa taong malayo
• PAGSASATAO – nagsasalin ng katangian ng tao
sa isang bagay
 TAYUTAY (figures of speech)

• PAGPAPALIT-TAWAG – metonymy
• PAG-UYAM – irony
• PAGTATAMBIS – oxymoron
 Tungkulin ng Wika

• PERSONAL – damdamin o opinyon

• INTERAKSYONAL – relasyong sosyal
• INSTRUMENTAL – pag-uutos o pakiusap
• REGULATORI – gabay sa kilos ng iba
• HUERISTIK – paghahanap ng impormasyon
• IMPORMATIB – nagbibigay impormasyon
• MALIKHAIN – imahinasyon at pampanitikan
Antas ng Wika

1. PORMAL:
- pampanitikan (gamit sa panitikan)
- pambansa (naiintindihan ng buong bansa)

2. IMPORMAL:
- lalawiganin (gamit sa particular na lalawigan)
- kolokyal (komunikasyong impormal)
- balbal (slang)
- vulgar (bastos and pamura)
 WASTONG GAMIT NG SALITA
• SUBUKIN AT SUBUKAN (to test vs. to see/observe)
• BITIWAN AT BITAWAN (bitiwan is grammatically correct)
• KAPAG AT KUNG (sigurado at hindi pa sigurado)
• OPERAHIN AT OPERAHAN (body part vs. person)
• SINA AT SILA (specific names vs. pronoun)
• PAHIRIN AT PAHIRAN (remove vs. add)
• PINTO AT PINTUAN (object vs. place)
• NG AT NANG
NANG
- pamalit sa “para, upang, na,
noong (sa simula)”
- para sa salitang umuulit
- sagot sa “paano”
- contraction “na” + “ng”
NG
- sinusundan ng pangngalan
- superlative (ubod, saksakan)
- “of”
- sagot sa “ano”
MGA BAHAGI NG PANANALITA (parts of speech)
• PANGNGALAN – noun
• PANGHALIP – pronoun
• PANDIWA – verb
• PANG-URI – adjective
• PANG-ABAY – adverb
• PANGATNIG – conjunction
• PANG-UKOL – preposition
• PANG-ANGKOP – ligatures (+na, +ng, +g)
 KASAYSAYAN NG ALPABETONG FILIPINO
1. Baybayin – pinakaunang alpabetong Pilipino
 KASAYSAYAN NG ALPABETONG FILIPINO
2. Abecedario – pinalit ng mga Espanyol sa Alibata
 KASAYSAYAN NG ALPABETONG FILIPINO
3. Abakada – binalangkas ni Lope K. Santos (20 letra)
 KASAYSAYAN NG ALPABETONG FILIPINO
4. Alpabetong Filipino – binubuo ng 28 letra
 AWITING BAYAN
1. DIONA – awit sa panliligaw/kasalan
2. KUMINTANG – awit sa pakikidigma
3. KUNDIMAN – awit sa pag-ibig
4. OYAYI – awit sa paghehele
5. UMBAY – awit sa paglilibing
6. SAMBOTANI – awit sa tagumpay
7. DUNG-AW – awit sa kalungkutan
• Philippine Government New Constitution
with Human Rights
• Philippine History
• Basic Economics
• Taxation
• Agrarian Reform
• Society
• Rizal and Other Heroes
• Philosophy of Man
• Arts
• General Psychology
• Information and Communication
Technology
• TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE – 10-year transition period
• SERGIO OSMENA – 1st Head of Dept. of Education
• ENGLISH & FILIPINO – Official Languages
• CONGRESS – has the power to declare war (2/3)
• AVENIDA 19 DE JUNIO – first name of EDSA/Highway 54
• 1 TERM (6 YEARS) – Philippine Presidential term
• SUFFRAGE – right to vote
• JUNE 12, 1898 – Independence from Spain
• JULY 4, 1946 – Independence from America
• LAONG LAAN/DIMASALANG – Rizal’s pen names
• PRESIDENTIAL – Philippine form of government
• PATRILOCAL/MATRILOCAL – residency of couple
• POLYGAMY/POLYANDRY – status of marriage
• BARANGAY – basic unit of Phil. Government
• UNITARY – distribution of power in Phil. government
• WORLD’S OCEANS:
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, Arctic
• WORLD’S CONTINENTS:
Asia, North America, Australia, South America, Africa,
Europe, Antarctica
Characteristics of a State
Writ of Habeas Corpus
- illegal confinement and detention
Writ of Amparo
- right to life, liberty, and security
Writ of Habeas Data
- right to privacy
 PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS
AQueLOR - QuiMaGMac - MAREA - AD
Aguinaldo Quirino Marcos AD
Quezon Magsaysay Aquino q u
Garcia u t
Laurel Ramos e
i
Osmeña Macapagal Estrada n r
Roxas Ulo Abaga Song Arroyo o t
e
Rizal Siblings MARIA
SATURNINA JOSE RIZAL
PACIANO CONCEPCION
NARCISA JOSEFA
OLIMPIA TRINIDAD
LUCIA SOLEDAD
Watermelon Song
 General
Education