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  • 2.3 Specialised Cells-Animal Cell

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    Eswary Balakrishnan
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    The document discusses the functions of blood and types of muscle tissues. It describes how blood transports substances around the body, helps regulate homeostasis and pH, and protects against pathogens. It also outlines the three main types of muscle tissue: smooth muscle which lines organs, cardiac muscle which forms the heart walls, and skeletal muscle which is voluntarily controlled. Smooth muscle has slow contractions, cardiac muscle contracts at an intermediate speed, and both are involuntary.

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    The document discusses the functions of blood and types of muscle tissues. It describes how blood transports substances around the body, helps regulate homeostasis and pH, and protects against pathogens. It also outlines the three main types of muscle tissue: smooth muscle which lines organs, cardiac muscle which forms the heart walls, and skeletal muscle which is voluntarily controlled. Smooth muscle has slow contractions, cardiac muscle contracts at an intermediate speed, and both are involuntary.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    8 views12 pages

    2.3 Specialised Cells-Animal Cell

    Uploaded by

    Eswary Balakrishnan
    The document discusses the functions of blood and types of muscle tissues. It describes how blood transports substances around the body, helps regulate homeostasis and pH, and protects against pathogens. It also outlines the three main types of muscle tissue: smooth muscle which lines organs, cardiac muscle which forms the heart walls, and skeletal muscle which is voluntarily controlled. Smooth muscle has slow contractions, cardiac muscle contracts at an intermediate speed, and both are involuntary.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 12

    2.

    3 SPECIALISED CELLS-ANIMAL CELL

    ♤ FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD


    ♤ MUSCULAR TISSUES (MUSCLE TISSUES)
    •SMOOTH MUSCLES
    •CARDIAC MUSCLES

    15.9.2022
    ESWARY BALAKRISHNAN
    Funtions of the blood
    ♤ Trasport system
    •Transport of absorbed substances such as glucose,amino
    acids,mineral ions & vitamins absorbed from the small intestine.
    •Transport of respiratory gases such as oxygen from lungs into
    blood & carbon dioxide from blood to lungs.
    •Transport of excretory wastes such as urea,creatinine & uric
    acid to excretory organs to be removed from the body.
    •Transport of hormones from endocrine glands to target organs.
    For example,insulin is transported from the pancreas to the
    liver where it changes glucose to glycogen.
    ♤ Important role in homeostasis
    •Helps to regulate and stabilise the internal environment.
    •Helps to regulate body temperature
    •Helps to maintain the pH of the blood.

    ♤ Protection
    • Leucocytes engulf antigens. For example,bacteria by phagocytosis.
    •B-lymphocytes produce antibodies to destroy pathogens or to
    neutralise toxins. T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells.
    • Platlets,fibronogen & prothrombin play an important role in blood
    clotting to reduce blood loss & the entry of pathogens.
    Muscular tissues (muscle tissues)
    ■ It is composed of Specialised contractile cells or fibres held
    together by connective tissue.
    ■ The major function is to produce motion.
    ■Types of vertebrate muscles:
    -involuntary muscles
    •Smooth Muscles
    •Cardiac Muscles
    -voluntary muscles
    •Skeletal Muscles
    Smooth Muscles
    ♧ Structure
    •Spindle-shaped,elongated, pointed ends
    •Unbranched fibres,cells are arranged in parallel
    •Uninucleated, centrally located
    •No striations(no sacromere)
    Smooth Muscles
    ♧ Action
    •Type of control : invulontary/autonomic
    •Speed of contraction : slowest
    •Resistance to fatigue : greatest(do not tired easily)
    Smooth Muscles
    ♧ Location
    • wall of digestive tract,urinary bladder,uterus,urinogenital
    tract,respiratory tract,blood vessel(endotelium)
    Cardiac Muscles
    ♧ Structure
    •Cylindrical shaped,elongated, blunt-end
    •Branched fibre
    •Join together from end to end at intercalated disc
    •Uni/binucleated,centrally located
    •Striated
    Cardiac Muscles
    ♧ Action
    •Type of control : invulontary/autonomic
    •Speed of contraction : intermediate
    •Resistance to fatigue : intermediate

    ♧ Location
    •wall of heart
    Cardiac Muscles
    •Intercalated disc has gap junction
    •Speed up impulse transmission throughout heart
    muscle
    •Contract as a single unit
    •Cardiac muscle is myogenic ( can initiate own impulse
    for contraction without the help of Central nervous
    system)

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