CAUSE AND EFFECT

Why do you notice

redness when a
splinter gets into
your finger?

Because redness is caused by an increase in circulation

Or
Result in
Because an increase in circulation Causes redness
Leads to
LOOK AT THIS TABLE……..
Cause Sign or Symptom

An increase in circulation to the finger Redness

Fluid and white cells leaving the blood

Swelling
stream to enter the tissues

The pressure of fluid on nerve endings Pain

Increased circulation A sensation of heat

The body’s attempt to keep the finger still Loss of function

LOOK AT THIS TABLE……..
Cause Sign or Symptom

An increase in circulation to the finger Redness

Fluid and white cells leaving the blood

Swelling
stream to enter the tissues

The pressure of fluid on nerve endings Pain

Increased circulation A sensation of heat

The body’s attempt to keep the finger still Loss of function

 Why do you notice swelling in your inflamed

finger?
LOOK AT THIS TABLE……..
Cause Sign or Symptom

An increase in circulation to the finger Redness

Fluid and white cells leaving the blood

Swelling
stream to enter the tissues

The pressure of fluid on nerve endings Pain

Increased circulation A sensation of heat

The body’s attempt to keep the finger still Loss of function

 Why do you feel pain when a splinter gets into

your finger?
LOOK AT THIS TABLE……..
Cause Sign or Symptom

An increase in circulation to the finger Redness

Fluid and white cells leaving the blood

Swelling
stream to enter the tissues

The pressure of fluid on nerve endings Pain

Increased circulation A sensation of heat

The body’s attempt to keep the finger still Loss of function

 Why do you feel a sensation of heat in your

swollen finger?
LOOK AT THIS TABLE……..
Cause Sign or Symptom

An increase in circulation to the finger Redness

Fluid and white cells leaving the blood

Swelling
stream to enter the tissues

The pressure of fluid on nerve endings Pain

Increased circulation A sensation of heat

The body’s attempt to keep the finger still Loss of function

 \

 Why do you notice a loss of function in your

inflamed finger?
WRITE SIX SENTENCES FROM THIS TABLE
DESCRIBING THE CAUSES OF THE
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
• Lack of sleep
• Coughing
• Worrying
• Weakness
• A lack of oxygen in the blood
• Vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Anaemia
• An eye disturbance
Result in • Cyanosis
• Insufficient food May
Cause • Loss of
• Irritation of the respiratory Can
Lead to appetite
tract
• Fatigue
• A reduced number of red
• Headache
blood cells
• Loss of
• An obstruction of the
weight
alimentary tract
READ THIS….
There are many different reasons why people
become ill. Some diseases are heredity, some
exist from birth, and others develop later for a
number of reasons. Infectious diseases, such as
influenza, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever are
caused by minute organisms called bacteria and
viruses. Some others diseases, such as goitre,
diabetes mellitus and kwashiorkor, are caused by
deficiencies in the body or diet.
Say which of these diseases is described in each of
the following sentences:
INFECTIVE HEPATITIS, GOITRE, TUBERCULOSIS, HAEMOPHILIA,
SCABIES
a. Damage to the lungs result from this disease which is caused by a
bacillus
b. This is contagious skin disease caused by tiny parasites. The patient
develops a rash which itches intensely
c. This disease is caused by an iodine deficiency. The most obvious sign
is a swelling in the neck
d. Inflammation of the liver and jaundice result from this virus infection
e. This is a heredity disease caused by a lack of anti-haemophilic globulin
in the blood. It is characterised by the inability of the blood to clot
f. This is a virus infection which causes a red rash and a high temperature
LOOK AT THESE EXAMPLE
How can tuberculosis be cured?

as a result of treatment with

Tuberculosis can be cured drugs
by giving the patient
Such as streptomycin and para-aminosalicyclic acid (PAS)
Answer these questions in the same way….

 How can scabies be cured? (benzyl

benzoate emulsion)
 How is it possible to prevent thypoid
fever? (vaccination)
 How can thypoid fever can be cured?
(chloramphenicol)
 How can infective hepatitis be cured?
(bed rest and suitable diet)
LOOK AT THE EXAMPLE
Dirty instruments can cause the spread of infection

Therefore
Consequently they must be sterilized
For this reason
 Droplet
Discharge

Droplet
Excreta

OM
FR
Hands

Clothes

Food n Drink

TO
Inhalation
Insect Dust
Ingestion
Inoculation
CROSS INFECTION AND THE NURSE
One of the most important tasks in nursing care is to prevent cross infection
This occurs when infection in air, in dust, on a common object, or by direct contact is
spread from one person in the ward to another.
The consequences of cross infection can be very serious, and therefore the nurse must
understand exactly how infection can be spread.
An infected person can spread infection from his nose and mouth (droplet infection,),
on his faeces and urine (often directly on his hands), or from a wound or lesion on
his skin. Infection can enter mouth (ingestion), and through the skin if it broken
(inoculation). For these reason it is extremely important to take strict preventive
measure
All instrument that come into contact with the patient must be sterilised.
All articles used by the patient e.g. linen, crockery, cutlery, children’s toys etc., must be
washed or disinfected
The ward should also kept free of dust or insect, as these too can spread disease.
If the infection is spread by droplets it will be particularly important for the nurse to
wear a mask. If it is spread in the faeces hand washing will of course be necessary
SAY WHETER THESE STATEMENTS ARE TRUE
OR FALSE. CORRECT THE FALSE STATEMENT
1. The spread of infection from one person to
another is called cross infection
2. Objects such as cups and children’s toys can not
spread infection
3. The nurse must wear a mask to prevent droplet
infection
4. Infection can enter the body through an open
wound
5. Cross infection can occur if the ward is not kept
free of dust
6. It is unnecessary to disinfect bed pans after use
ADD THESE SENTENCE BY SELECTING
SUITABLE PREVENTIVE MEASURES
 Bacteria can be carried in dust
 Some infection can be spread by droplets
 Faeces can spread disease
 Dirty linen and hand towels can carry bacteria
 Infection can enter the body through the skin if it is
broken