PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE OF

EDUCATION

A SHORT HISTORY
OF
TRAINING & EDUCATION
&
A SPECULATIVE VIEW OF ITS FUTURE

CEPOL ACTIVITY 72/2022

APPRENTICESHIP

Work-based training was the most

common form of achieving practical
knowledge and work skills throughout
the middle-age.
KRIEGSSPIEL

By 1812 the Prussian and

German armies developed
wargames to test the
capacity of their military in
“close to reality” scenarios.
 CORRESPONDENCE
COURSES

In 1840′s Isaac Pitman taught his

pupils shorthand via correspondence
 INDUSTRIAL
SCHOOLING

In 1872 Hoe & Company stablishes the first

known factory school to train machinists.
JOHN H. PATTERSON AND
THE NATIONAL CASH
REGISTER COMPANY

To ensure that salesmen communicated all the

benefits of the register, in 1892 Patterson gave

them a 16 page script to memorize called the

NCR Primer.
TRAINING WITHIN
INDUSTRY (TWI)

Frederick Taylor and the “Scientific

Management” (1911)
SHOW, TELL, DO AND CHECK

In 1917 Charles R. Allen creates the “Show, Tell,

Do and Check” method of training.

This allowed new shipyard workers to go through

complex processes thus providing continuous
feedback.

The first World War also played a critical role in

the development of new training methods.
 DEMAND

During the II World War, there

was a need for fast training of
military ranks and a dramatic
increase in the demand for trained
workers brought on by the
expanding wartime economy and
by technological innovations.
JIT (1941)

In the USA a Government Commission

developed job instruction training (JIT)

It was an “on-the-job” method to:

1. Put trainees at ease

2. Explain the job

3. Had them demonstrated acquired knowledge

POST-WAR INDUSTRY

After the War companies needed to train

people efficiently and reduce costs:
• Individualized instruction became
prominent.
• Less teachers and more materials
• Learning was broken into small steps
• Comprehension was checked after each
step
• Reinforced behavior was introduced
BLOOM'S TAXONOMY

In 1956, a committee of educators chaired by

Benjamin Bloom developed a formula to help
instructional designers classify learning objectives
and goals.
BLOOM'S TAXONOMY
(1956) Cognitive
Affective
Psychomotor
3 DOMAINS OF BLOOM TAXONOMY
BLOOM'S TAXONOMY Knowledge Attitude
(1956) Cognitive
Affective
Psychomotor
3 DOMAINS OF BLOOM TAXONOMY

Skill
 THE SIX HIERARCHICAL LEVELS OF BLOOM'S TAXONOMY

Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation

It involves the It refers to a type of It refers to the Represents the It involves the Produces
recall of specifics understanding or “use of “breakdown of a “putting “judgments
and universals, the apprehension such that abstractions in communication into together of about the
recall of methods the individual knows particular and its constituent elements and value of
and processes, or what is being concrete elements or parts parts so as to material and
the recall of a communicated, and can situations.” such that the relative form a whole.” methods for
pattern, structure, make use of the material hierarchy of ideas is given
or setting or idea being made clear and/or the purposes.
communicated without relations between
necessarily relating it to ideas expressed are
other material or seeing made explicit.”
its fullest implications.
COMPUTER
ASSISTED TRAINING
IN THE 60’S

In 1960 the University of Illinois

launches the PLATO system, known as
the first computer assisted instruction
system

PLATO stands for Programmed Logic

for Automated Teaching Operations
HAMBURGUER UNIVERSITY

In 1961 McDonalds launches the

first corporate university

Hamburguer University
1970’S TO 1980’S: TV-BASED
TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT LIVE
TRAINING

The Learning Channel was the first TV network

designed for learning and exploration of academic
topics.

It was founded by The Department of Health,

Education, and Welfare with NASA in 1972.

Other networks were founded, and the blended

method came to shape.
 E-LEARNING
• The first personal computers in the 1980′s made

it easier for individuals to learn about particular

subjects and develop certain skills sets.

• The development of the Internet made online

information available and e-learning was born.

• The term E-Learning was first used by Jay Cross

in 2004.
THE BIG B • Blended Learning came through
once people realized Computer-
Based training and E-learning was
insufficient.

• From interactive scenarios in the

classroom to webinars and online
tutorials, learners now have a
wide range of tech tools and
applications at their disposal.
MOBILE
LEARNING

Mobile learning enters training

lexicon circa 2000, but its only in mid
2000’s that personal smartphones
become vehicle for a “boom” in
mobile training.
 QUESTION:

How do we get a diverse crowd of

people to mount an efficient system
of procedures in a short period?
HOW DOES TRAINING FIT
IN THE ORGANISATION?

• Define a purpose
• Establish a goal
• Design a procedure
• Distribute tasks
• Improve performance
IMPROVING PERFORMANCE
DEPENDS ON

• Permanent operational analysis

• Knowing how the tasks are performed /

should be performed

• Knowing how each person must contribute

• Looking out for changes in the environment

• Listening to whomever is doing the task

• Detecting faults, designing and

implementing solutions
 TRAINING HAS
PRAGMATIC
PURPOSES

• It aims to
• Improve the relation between the person and the task
• Introduce effectiveness and efficiency
• Specialize
• Enhance performance
• Perfect procedures
• Ease the costs of operations by reducing errors
WHAT DOES THE FUTURE
HOLD?