Erikson's Psychosocial

Stages of Development
Facilitating Learner-Centered Teaching
Stage : Infancy
• Crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust
• Significant Person: First year or a year old
• Maladaptation: Sensory Maladaptation
• Malignancy: Withdrawal
• Virtue: Hope
Stage : Early Childhood
• Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• Significant Person: 3 to 5 years old
• Maladaptation: Impulsiveness
• Malignancy: Compulsiveness
• Virtue: Willpower or Determination
Stage : Early Childhood
• Crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt
• Significant Person: 3 to 6 years old
• Maladaptation: Ruthlessness
• Malignancy: Inhibition
• Virtue: Courage
Stage : School Age
• Crisis: Industry vs. Inferiority
• Significant Person: 6 to 11 years old
• Maladaptation: Virtuosity
• Malignancy: Inertia
• Virtue: Competency
Stage : Adolescence
• Crisis: Identity vs. Role confusion
• Significant Person: 12 to 18 years old
• Maladaptation: Fanaticism
• Malignancy: Repudiation to reject
• Virtue: Fidelity
Stage :Adulthood
• Crisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Significant Person: 19 to about 40 years old
• Maladaptation: Promiscuity
• Malignancy: Exclusion
• Virtue: Love
Stage : Middle Adulthood
• Crisis: Generativity vs Stagnation
• Significant Person: 40 to 60 years
• Maladaptation: Overextension
• Malignancy: Reject
• Virtue: Caring
Stage :Late Adulthood
• Crisis: Ego integrity vs. Despair
• Significant Person: 65 to death
• Maladaptation: Disdain content of life
• Malignancy: Maturity
• Virtue: Wisdom
Kohlberg’s Stage of Moral Development
• Pre-conventional
• Stage 1:
• Stage 2:
• Conventional
• Stage 3:
• Stage 4:
• Post-conventional
• Stage 5:
• Stage 6:
STUDENT DIVERSITY
Individual Differences
Factors that bring about Student Diversity
• In all learning environments, individual interact with others who
are in some ways different from them.

1. Socio-Economic Status
2. Thinking/Learning Style
3. Exceptionalities
How student diversity Enriches the learning
environment

• A more reflective teacher may see a diverse classroom as an

exciting place to learn not just for her student, but for herself, as
well.
• A wise teacher choose to respect and celebrate diversity!
How student diversity Enriches the learning
environment
• 1. Students’ self-awareness is enhanced by diversity.
• Exposing students to others with diverse backgrounds and experiences also serves to help students
focus on their awareness of themselves.

• 2. Students Diversity contributes to cognitive development

• The opportunity to gain access to the perspective of peers and to learn from other students,
rather than the instructor only, may be especially important for promoting cognitive
development of learners.
How student diversity Enriches the learning
environment

• 2. Students Diversity contributes to cognitive development

• The depth and breadth of student learning are enhanced by exposure to others from diverse
backgrounds.
• Students diversity in the classroom brings about different points of view and varied
approaches to the learning process.
How student diversity Enriches the learning
environment
• 1. Students’ self-awareness is enhanced by diversity.
• Exposing students to others with diverse backgrounds and experiences also serves to help students
focus on their awareness of themselves.

• 2. Students Diversity contributes to cognitive development

• The opportunity to gain access to the perspective of peers and to learn from other students,
rather than the instructor only, may be especially important for promoting cognitive
development of learners.
How student diversity Enriches the learning
environment
3. Students Diversity prepares learners for their role as a responsible member of
Society.

Suzanne Morse stresses one competency has strong implications for instructional strategies
that capitalize on diversity. “The capacity to imagine situations or problem from all
perspectives and to appreciate all aspects of diversity”
How student diversity Enriches the learning
environment
4. Students Diversity can promote harmony.

Through student-centered teaching strategies, diverse students can be encourage to interact

and collaborate with one another on learning tasks that emphasize unity of effort while
capitalizing on their diversity of backgrounds.