Individual Differences

Week 2 - Managing Organizational Behavior

Fall 2022, Ewha School of Business
We know we are different from each other,
but
how do we know that people are different?
 How do we know that we are
different?

It would not be interesting that personal traits are different

from each other
e.g. race, ethnicity, age, gender, height, weight, blood type, etc.

Interesting is how our behavior varies from one person to

another

What makes our behavior different?

How do we know that we are
different?
 How am I different
from others?

How do I look at my
surroundings?
 How am I different from
others?

Self-Concept: How am I
different from others?
Self-esteem
A belief about one’s self worth based on overall self-evaluation

Self-efficacy
A belief in one’s ability to successfully accomplish a specific task

When you are full of self-efficacy

https://youtu.be/IUhuwc1Dcpo
 How am I different from
others?

Self-Concept: How am I
different from others?
Narcissism
The pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration
of one's own attributes.

Shamelessness, Arrogance, Envy, Entitlement, Exploitation, Bad

boundaries

https://youtu.be/2PjZAeiU7uM

Between self-efficacy and narcissism

https://youtu.be/Ja2fgquYTCg
Social Conception: How do I How do I look at my

look at my surroundings? surroundings?

Locus of Control
The extent to which a person feels able to control his/her own life

How can we account for the successes and failures we experience

Concerned with a person’s internal-external orientation

- Internal: “I shape my future”; “I take charge of my behavior”
- External: “My future is driven by God”; “Success was a direct result of
luck, fate, and my family”

After a test, you found you got a C..

- I should have studied harder!
- That was an unfair test!
Social Conception: How do I How do I look at my

look at my surroundings? surroundings?

Proactive Behavior
: Disposition that identifies whether or not individuals act to
influence their environment

Show initiative

Take action

Persevere until meaningful change occurs

https://youtu.be/uaWA2GbcnJU
Social Conception: How do I How do I look at my

look at my surroundings? surroundings?

Authoritarianism
Tendency to adhere rigidly to conventional values and to obey recognized
authority
https://youtu.be/kH6QJzmLYtw
Dogmatism
Leads a person to regard authority as absolute
“The truth is found right here in this book: The Bible. All our answers are
located between these leather covers, and no other truth exists. Any other
belief is evil in the eyes of God”
https://youtu.be/8r-e2NDSTuE
Social Conception: How do I How do I look at my

look at my surroundings? surroundings?

Machiavellianism
: A person’s tendency to be unemotional, and therefore
able to detach him or herself from conventional morality
and hence to deceive and manipulate others

What ought to be ≠ What is

→ Get real!!

https://youtu.be/2OplABy3dTI
 How do I look at my
surroundings?

People with a high Machiavellian personality:

Approach situations logically and thoughtfully.
Are capable of lying to achieve personal goals.
Are rarely swayed by loyalty, friendships, past promises, or
others’ opinions.
Are skilled at influencing others.
Social Conception: How do I How do I look at my

look at my surroundings? surroundings?

Self-monitoring
: A person’s ability to adjust his/her behavior to external, situational
(environmental) factors.
People who closely monitor themselves often behave in a manner that is highly
responsive to social cues and their situational context

Self-monitoring allows people to measure their behavioral outcomes against a set

of standards

Low Self-Monitoring: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9POvrxOyX4

High Self-monitoring: https://youtu.be/PoIdfRnQZ4A

https://www.facebook.com/uniladmag/videos/3438782266144808/
Personality
All mixed up!
 Personality
Combination of characteristics that capture the unique
nature of a person as that person reacts to and interacts
with others

Big 5

MBTI
 Big 5
Extroversion
Being outgoing, sociable, assertive

Agreeableness
Being good-natured, trusting, cooperative

Conscientiousness
Being responsible, dependable, persistent

Emotional stability
Being unworried, secure, relaxed

Openness to experience
Being imaginative, curious, broad-minded
 MBTI
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
- Based on Carl Jung’s book, “Psychological Types”
- How people perceive the world and make decisions

Four pairs of psychological dichotomies

- Extroversion (E) vs. Introversion (I)
← Where do you prefer to focus your attention and get your energy?
- Sensing (S) vs. Intuition (N)
← How do you prefer to take in information?
- Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F)
← How do you make decisions?
- Judging (J) vs. Perceiving (P)
← How do you deal with the outer world?
 MBTI
Extroversion / Introversion
Distinguishes a preference for focusing attention on, and drawing energy from,
the outer world of people and things versus the inner world of ideas and
impressions

Sensing / Intuition
Distinguishes a preference for gathering data directly through the senses as facts,
details, and precedents versus indirectly as relationships, patterns and possibilities

Thinking / Feeling
Distinguishes a preference for deciding via objective impersonal logic versus
subjective, person-centered values

Judging / Perceiving
Distinguishes an outward preference for having things planned and organized
versus a flexible style based more on staying open to options than deciding
 MBTI

SOURCE: Modified and reproduced by special permission of the Publisher, CPP, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94043 from Introduction to Type®, Sixth Edition by Isabel
Briggs Myers. Copyright 1998, 2011 by CPP, Inc. All rights reserved. Further reproduction is prohibited without the Publisher’s written consent.

©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19
 MBTI

SOURCE: Modified and reproduced by special permission of the Publisher, CPP, Inc., Mountain View, CA 94043 from Introduction to Type®, Sixth Edition by Isabel
Briggs Myers. Copyright 1998, 2011 by CPP, Inc. All rights reserved. Further reproduction is prohibited without the Publisher’s written consent.

©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20
 Use of MBTI
Helps employees understand the different viewpoints of others in the
organization
Facilitates team building
Shows teams that diversity and differences lead to successful
performance
Helps managers develop interpersonal skills
 Wrap-up
We are different from each other; by looking around as well as
looking back, we can identify the differences
- Self concept and Social conception
Because of social and environmental influences, personality varies
over time within a person
These individual differences make your team diverse
The team diversity can enhance team performance through achieving
complementarity
We ought to acknowledge “difference” in organization
 Announcement
Self-study and share your personality
- Get your MBTI type and Big 5 scores (-9/21)
▪ Big 5: https://forms.gle/m8bpvLp4YrUAuzUL8
▪ MBTI: https://forms.gle/zm9adH6kTzPApp2N9
- Understand what your personality looks like
▪ For Big 5: The score of 20 is the “bar” to determine a high and low level of
each factor
▪ For MBTI: Please apply your type to the quadrant
- Share your Big 5 scores and MBTI type on CyberCampus
▪ Your contributions will be considered as a participation score
Quiz #1 on Friday
- Read through the textbook (Ch. 3) or the book chapter uploaded on
CyberCampus
- Don’t need to memorize the concepts, just understand what they are
Any Questions?